States of Matter: Liquids and Solids

These flashcards cover key concepts from the 'States of Matter: Liquids and Solids' lecture, focusing on the properties of different states, phase transitions, and intermolecular forces.

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What is the change of a solid to a liquid called?

Melting.

What is the process of a liquid turning into a gas?

Vaporization.

Define condensation in terms of phase changes.

Condensation is the change of a gas to either the liquid or the solid state.

What happens to vapor pressure as temperature increases?

Vapor pressure increases.

What effect does increasing pressure have on the boiling point of a liquid?

Increasing pressure raises the boiling point.

What is a dynamic equilibrium in the context of vaporization and condensation?

It is the condition when the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal in a closed system.

What is the heat of fusion?

The heat needed to melt a solid, expressed in kJ/mol.

How does the strength of intermolecular forces affect boiling point?

Stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher boiling points.

What is hydrogen bonding?

A weak attractive force between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms and lone pairs of electrons on another electronegative atom.

What differentiates dipole-dipole forces from London forces?

Dipole-dipole forces occur in polar molecules, while London forces occur in all molecules, including nonpolar ones due to temporary dipoles.

What is a phase diagram?

A graphical representation summarizing the conditions under which the various states of a substance are stable.

What is the critical point in terms of phase transitions?

The temperature and pressure at which the liquid state can no longer exist, resulting in a supercritical fluid.

What are van der Waals forces?

A general term for intermolecular forces, including dipole-dipole forces and London forces.

What is the boiling point of water at sea level pressure?

100°C.

Which intermolecular forces are present in butanol?

London forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding.

What is the relationship between heat of vaporization and intermolecular forces?

Higher heat of vaporization indicates stronger intermolecular forces.

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What is the change of a solid to a liquid called?

Melting.

What is the process of a liquid turning into a gas?

Vaporization.

Define condensation in terms of phase changes.

Condensation is the change of a gas to either the liquid or the solid state.

What happens to vapor pressure as temperature increases?

Vapor pressure increases.

What effect does increasing pressure have on the boiling point of a liquid?

Increasing pressure raises the boiling point.

What is a dynamic equilibrium in the context of vaporization and condensation?

It is the condition when the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal in a closed system.

What is the heat of fusion?

The heat needed to melt a solid, expressed in kJ/mol.

How does the strength of intermolecular forces affect boiling point?

Stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher boiling points.

What is hydrogen bonding?

A weak attractive force between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms and lone pairs of electrons on another electronegative atom.

What differentiates dipole-dipole forces from London forces?

Dipole-dipole forces occur in polar molecules, while London forces occur in all molecules, including nonpolar ones due to temporary dipoles.

What is a phase diagram?

A graphical representation summarizing the conditions under which the various states of a substance are stable.

What is the critical point in terms of phase transitions?

The temperature and pressure at which the liquid state can no longer exist, resulting in a supercritical fluid.

What are van der Waals forces?

A general term for intermolecular forces, including dipole-dipole forces and London forces.

What is the boiling point of water at sea level pressure?

100^\circ C.

Which intermolecular forces are present in butanol?

London forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding.

What is the relationship between heat of vaporization and intermolecular forces?

Higher heat of vaporization indicates stronger intermolecular forces.

What is the triple point in a phase diagram?

The temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium.

Define sublimation.

The direct phase change of a substance from the solid state to the gas state without passing through the liquid phase.

What is deposition?

The phase transition in which a gas transforms directly into a solid without first becoming a liquid.

Define viscosity.

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

What is surface tension?

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount, caused by cohesive forces between molecules.

What are the two main types of solids based on their internal structure?

1. Crystalline solids: Particles are arranged in an ordered, repeating pattern.
2. Amorphous solids: Particles lack a long-range ordered structure.

What is the relationship between the heat of sublimation, fusion, and vaporization?

The molar heat of sublimation is the sum of the molar heat of fusion and the molar heat of vaporization: $$\Delta H{sub} = \Delta H{fus