Macro molecules unit 3.1

Lipids

nonpolar hydrocarbons, hydrophobic molecules that serve as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules.

Types of lipids

Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids plus glycerol, the carboxyls react with the hydroxyls to form an esther bond

Phospholipids: Phosphate containing compound, glycerol, 2 fatty acids. Head is hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic.

Glycerol

Hydrophilic alcohol with three OH groups its carboxyl group interacts with fatty acids hydroxyls to form ester bonds in lipids.

Fatty acid

non-polar hydrocarbon with a polar carboxyl group

Carbohydrates

CHO, sources of stored energy used to transport stored energy, carbon skeletons for other molecules, extracellular structures

Monosaccharides

Simple sugar that consists of one sugar unit, serving as the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates. Can either have 6 or 5 carbons

Glycosidic linkages

Covalent bonds that connect monosaccharides in carbohydrates.

Oligiosaccharides

3 to 20 monosaccharides, often covalently bonded to proteins or lipids, playing roles in cell recognition and signaling.

Polysacharides

Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together, forming complex carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose. They serve various functions including energy storage and structural support.

Nucleic acids

Polymers made up of nucleotide monomers that store and transmit genetic information, including DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides

The basic building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. They are essential for the formation of DNA and RNA.

Phosphodiester bonds

covalent bonds that link nucleotides together in nucleic acids, forming the backbone of DNA and RNA.

Proteins

Large molecules made up of amino acids that perform a wide variety of functions in living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.

Amino acid

Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.

Cysteine

An amino acid containing CH2, SH, important for forming disulfide bonds that stabilize protein structure.

Glycine

The simplest amino acid, with a single hydrogen as its side chain, playing a key role in protein synthesis and neurotransmission.

Proline

An amino acid that has a unique cyclic structure, contributing to the stability and rigidity of protein structures.

Peptide linkages

Covalent bonds formed between amino acids in proteins, resulting from a dehydration reaction.

Condensation reaction

When two or more monomers join to form a polymer with the loss of a water moelcule

What are macromolecules primarily composed of?

Carbon-based compounds.

What is the basic atom of organic compounds?

Carbon atom.

How many main types of organic compounds are found in living things?

Four.

Name the four organic compounds found in living things.

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide.

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharide.

Examples of carbohydrates include __________.

Pizza, bread, pasta.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acid.

What is the polymer of proteins?

Polypeptide.

Examples of proteins include __________.

Eggs, fish, meat, chicken.

What is the monomer of lipids?

Fatty acids.

What is a major function of lipids?

Store energy and provide insulation.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide.

What do nucleic acids do?

Direct synthesis of proteins and carry genetic code.

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).

List two types of saccharides.

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides.

What do amino acids link together to form?

Proteins.

What type of bond connects monomers to form polymers?

Hydrogen bonds.

How do fatty acids differ between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have no double bonds (C-C), while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds (C=C).

What type of macromolecule are enzymes?

Proteins.

What is cellulose used for in plants?

Cell wall structure.

glucose is not

a polymer

Amino acids

are not a polymer

Nucleotides

is not a polymer

C6H12O6

carbohydrate

C12H24O12

Disaccharide

cellulose

a major structural component of plant cell walls

The alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are both common peptide forms found in which level of protein structure

secondary

RNA

function in the synthesis of protein

DNA

store genetic info and function in the synthesis of protein