History of Psychology Exam 1

The Dark Ages

the fall of Rome (476 AD - 1000), striving to have the power they had during the Dark Ages, education and reading wasn’t a priority during this time, Catholic Church #1 - because they had educated people

Canon Law

how to practice religion, Bible = science

Church VS Science (POWER STRUGGLE)

scientists were envious of church, and since they didn’t believe in the Bible, they were killed; Church controlled how much info was going out to the public

Monastic life

A way of life where individuals dedicate themselves to religious practices, often involving communal living, prayer, and study within monasteries, said there is value to history

Petrarch

An Italian scholar and poet, often considered the father of Humanism, who emphasized the study of classical texts and the importance of history, (1340-1374): goes throughout Europe and finds thrown away documents from Greek and Latin

Hans Libbershey

a Dutch spectacle maker credited with the invention of the telescope in the early 17th century, significantly impacting the fields of astronomy and science, how the change to science began, 1608

Gutenberg

invents the printing press (went from taking a year and a half to copy Bible to only a week and a half), 1450

Babalonyian Captivity

create new Rome on Rhine river, Pope no longer lives in Rome

Black Death / Bubonic Plague

1347-1350

24 million people died

rich people survived because they could move away

blamed the illness on the Jews (said they poisoned wells)

people (citizens of Strasberg) burned Jews

Church couldn’t do anything to help, they started to lose power and science became more important

Geocentrism

earth is center of the universe, church believed this, if you didn’t agree with church, then they accused you of being a heretic

Heliocentrism

earth revolving around the sun, a model of the solar system proposed by Copernicus (he published a book about this right before he died - 1543), challenging geocentrism.

Galileo

came out and said what he observed, 1609 started using the telescope, could not deny what he saw, he saw Jupiter

Galileo’s Trial

1642, forced to go to Rome to see how he would be punished for going against the church - he was put on house arrest

Transition to Science

all of a sudden, power of the church started to diminish when people found out what they did to Galileo

1400-1700 Church and Psychopathy

Church claimed that they could cure psychopathy, they were convinced that the Devil corrupted crazy people, this is the church looking for another source of power

Free will - Church & Psychopathy

the idea that you have to give the Devil permission to get into your body, and you have the “ability” to say no, so they should be punished

Witch trials

white witches = give potion to help people

black witches = evil, got punished

often accused of consorting with the Devil, leading to widespread persecution and executions.

rules for finding witches

torture is allowed, charges could be made anonymously, heresy, need to have scientific evidence

tests to see if you are a witch

floatation test, tear test, location of devils mark

Malleus Malificarum (“The Witches Hammer”) (“Hammer of the Evils”)

1486, Wever came out with a book and said that the witches tests don’t make sense

Pseudo Science

set of ideas that presents itself as science, while it does not meet the criteria to be called such = false science

John Locke

English philosopher and physician, considered the father of liberalism, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers

Thomas Upham

American philosopher and psychologist, figure in the holiness movement

Paul Broca

French physician, best known for his research on Broca’s area, the region of the frontal lobe named after him, known for his work on the localization of brain function and speech mechanisms

attended 1961 meeting of the Parisian Society of Anthropology

Franz Brentano

German philosopher and psychologist, had strong impact on the development of early phenomenology and analytic philosophy of mind

Mary Calkins

American philosopher and psychologist, she was refused a PhD from Harvard because of her gender, her work informed theory and research of memory, dreams, and the self

Robert Burton

1628 - first textbook in psychology called Anatomy of Melancholy

Case of Mercy Lewis

accused of hurting teen girls without touching them, said she was a witch and sent to be hanged, 2 weeks later girls said “we made it up”

500 BC - “know thyself”

outside wall of temple in Greece scrawled was “know thyself” - this lef to theories of personality

Physiognomy

Gianbatista della Porta - 16th century, if you are crazy - you will show it in your face and facial features, he lined up the dead of prisoners and found similar facial features

Lavater

criminal type in physiognomy - prominent nose

Phrenology

Franz Joseph Gall came up with this theory, can tell things about people by feeling their head, personality reading

Wilder Penfield M.D

wanted to focus on brain itself, a lot of people during the time had epilepsy, he removed part of skill and 3 mininges, to get to part of brain he thought was causing seizures

invented the Stereotaxic instrument - screw inside head so person couldn’t move, important that the person stay awake so can ask how it feels

ESB

electrical stimulation of brain, burn part of brain Wilder Penfield thought caused epilepsy, realized he could map parts of brain by doing a small electric shock

Mass Action - Karl Lashley (1940s)

more brain damage you have, the more impact you will have on behavior (think of Phineas cage)

Equipotentiality - Karl Lashley 1940s

if one part of brain is ruined, an adjacent part can take over - now called neuroplasticity

Kurt Goldstein

father of neurological psychology

Sir Francis Galton

thought that man has tendency to be successful bc of intelligence, if not intelligent then can’t be successful, came up with Eugenics which eventually led to Nazis (better race and need to get rid of anyone that wasn’t superior race)

1879

first psychology lab in the world, totally devoted to psychology and first journal - all of a sudden psych is becoming a science

Emil Kraegehin

hadn’t been a classification of medical disorders since Hippocrates, emil says there is paranoia, manic depression, psychosis (bipolar), Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia), Alzehimers

Lightner Witmer

first school psychologist, founder of clinical psych

James Makeen Catell

first american to get PhD

Wundt - introspection

have theories that come from you internally about your feelings, we have sensation and perception ( everyone can have same sensation but how you interpret it in your psyche differs based on individual)

Titchener

goes to US with PhD because English didn’t believe in psych, so got a job at Cornell and start a psych program, translated several of Wundt’s works, didn’t discriminate against women, gave 19/60 women PhD’s

William James

father of American psych

called the “New England intellectual”

voice of the people, was trying to figure out what was going on in the world of psych in Germany

1876 - started teaching psych at Harvard, despite never taking any psych classes (family had lots of money)

believed in individualism (everyone has unique experiences in life)

said to have multiple levels of analysis

believed in paranormal activity

believed in radical empiricism - unique thoughts

the big 4 in psychology

James, Pavlov, Freud, Watson

james-lange theory

before you have a physical reaction, your body is way ahead of you

ivan pavolv

got no respect from anyone, very poor in early life, got MD in 1879, 1904 - won nobel prize, got lots of money and put it in bank, next day all money stolen bc Russian war started

Rene Descartes

skepticism: have questions all time, rationalism, “I think therefore I am” - Cognito Ergo Sum

Glove Paralysis

no feeling in wrist to end of hand, mostly women, go to Neurologists and would say let's see what happens with nerves in arm, because of this they were talking about hysteria

Hysteria

theory that it is caused by wandering uterus, no men were hysterical

Animal Magnetism

• thought that women who were neurotic had problems with their bodies, take some instrument and return the function of them, women were out of balance, pass a big magnet over these women’s bodies and occasionally the women would be okay for some period of time, he noticed that as he was talking to these women, he became more quiet and supportive, drift into some kind of out of body experience, the softer I can talk to them and the more intimate we become, I think I have the ability to change their neurosis, restore a balance to these women  

  • women would go into state of hypnosis, use hypnosis to cure women temporarily  

  • gave command dormet (meaning sleep in france)

Behaviorism

BF Skinner, Watson, Pavolv, Wundt 

Analysts (not behaviorists): they used insights

Horney, Alred Adler, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, Wundt

british empiricism

focus on mental philosophy on sensation and perception which included other cognitive processes such as attention, learning, memory, and thinking

physiognomy

the evaluation of a person’s character, intellect, and abilities based on facial features, began with John Lavater

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

Italian anthropoligist/criminologist, he was the reason that physiognomy gained credibility in the field of criminology, said there was a “criminal type” = never tall, heads were oversized but brain was smaller in size, ears were larger and more protruding, eyebrows were bushy, chins were receding or flat

Mesmerism

also known as animal magnetism, could relieve medical and psychological symptoms in patients by passing magnets over their bodies (franz anton mesmer)

spiritualism

facilitate contact with the dead through a seance, spiritualists provided services like treatments for depression and anxiety disorders, advice about problems in the workplace, difficulties in marriage, and methods for child rearing - very common in the middle and upper classes and were usually conducted in private homes

Eusapia Palladino

Italian spiritualist, often used a stage to display her talents in communicating with the dead

downfall of spiritualism

the church opposed spiritualism arguing that belief in spirits was an act of heresy, started to decline in 20th century, however picked back up around 1917-1918 when there were lots of deaths due to the influenza epidemic and WW1, declined again rapidly in 1920s because many mediums were exposed to be frauds

Arthur Conan Doyle

author of Sherlock Homes mysteries, one of the most vocal supporters of spiritualism

mental healing

had direct ties to mesmerism, idea that diseases were entirely mental and could be healed by helping them see how negative thinking affected their health

Phineas Parkhurst Quimby

practiced for a decade as a mesmerist before formulating his own theory and method of mental healing, came up with the idea of mental healing

Emmanuel Movement

mind cure would play a role in the development of psychotherapy in the 20th century which would become known as this movement, a movement that blended religion, medicine, and psychology

Locke said that all knowledge comes from two sources;

sensation, via direct experience with the external world, and reflection, meaning ideas from an interaction of new sensations and ideas already in the mind from early sensations or from thought processes independent of any new sensations

George Berkeley philosophy

all knowledge was dependent on the experiencing individual, and qualities of objects of the external world existed only as they were perceived

thomas reid

recognized as the founder of scottish realism

scottish realism

a philosophy of the human mind also known as “common sense philosophy”, scottish philosophers placed their confidence in observation

Upham divide mental philosophy into three realms:

intellect, sensibilities, and will

Hippocrates

credited with the recognition that the brain is an organ of intelligence

the Renaissance

productive time for advances in brain anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than 300 cafavers and made more than 1500 detailed drawings of the brain

Andreas Vesalius

made significant advances in neuroanatomy and described the human brain with words and pictures realistically

invention of microscope

happened during the 17th century, critical invention for neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, credited to Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Pierre Flourens

french neurophysiologist, set out to test the claims of phrenologists, discovered that behavior control was spread widely across the brain and not localized in a particular area

Edward Hitzig and Eduard Fritsch

used mild electric currents to stimulate various points on the cortical surface, the results show that a number of different voluntary movements occurred due to the stimulation

David Ferrier

scottish neurologist, published his book, the Functions of the Brain, and produced a level of detail in mapping the sensory and motor functions of the brain that had not been demonstrated before

the Bell-Magendie law

afferent information from the senses to the brain is carried in the dorsal part of the spinal cord; efferent information from the brain to the motor effectors is carried in the ventral part of the cord

Johanes Muller

german physiologit, known for his discovery of the law of specific nerve energies - the belief that each sensory nerve carries only one kind of sensory information regardless of how the nerve is stimulated

Helmholtz

created the ophthalmoscope as a way to observe the retina

also invented the ophthalmometer a device to measure the curvature of the eye

he made numerous scientific contributions to vision including development of theory of color vision and theory of pitch perception

trichromatic theory or Young Helmholtz theory of color vision

proposed three kinds of fibers in the retina that were differentially sensitive to read, green, and blue light

opponent process threoy OR Hering theory of color vision

Ewald Hering, proposed the existence of three color receptors, three different chemical substances in teh retina that can their built up (an anabolic process) or broken down (a catabolic process)

resonance theory of Helmholtz - place theory

argued that different frequencies would have their greatest impact at different places on the membrane

Ernest Rutherford - frequency theory

argued that the firing of the impluses from the basilar membrane would match the frequency of the incoming sound

Ernst Weber

the two point threshold and a psychophysical relationship that specified the perceived differences between the physical and psychological worlds, known today as weber’s alw

Fechner’s law

states that the perceived intensity of a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the actual stimulus intensity

voluntarism

experimental psychology that guided Wundt’s work in his labratory

Volkerpsychologie

nonexperimental, translates to cultural psychology, destined to understand things through nonexperimental methods from fields such as cultural anthropology, sociology, and social psychology

Franz Brentano

version of psychology is known as act psychology, is a molar psychology that called for a larger unit of analysis in looking at consciousness

Carl Stumpf

emphasis on the study of sensation and perception, particularly the perception of tone, performed classic experiments on auditions, studied the psychology of tones

Oswald Kulpe

method of introspection referred to as systematic experimental introspection