nutrition exam 2

energy balance

energy in = energy out

energy intake

protein, carbs, fat, alchol

energy output

amount of fuel you expend for basic body functions, physical activity, and processing of food

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of body weight relative to height

BMI categories

under 18.5 - This is described as underweight.

between 18.5 and 24.9 - This is described as the 'healthy range'.
between 25 and 29.9 - This is described as overweight.
between 30 and 39.9 - This is described as obesity.
40 or over - This is described as severe obesity

between 18.5 and 24.9 - This is described as the 'healthy range'.

between 25 and 29.9 - This is described as overweight.

between 30 and 39.9 - This is described as obesity.

40 or over - This is described as severe obesity

Densitrometry

Body mass/ Body volume Underwater
disadvantage: difficult/ may produce anxiety
most accurate measure of body fat

Underwater

disadvantage: difficult/ may produce anxiety

most accurate measure of body fat

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A method of assessing body composition by running a low-level electrical current through the body.

skinfold thickness

double fold of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that is measured with skinfold calipers at various body sites

Body fat distribution and health risk

Central Body Obesity: -"Apple" Shaped Body
-Increases risk of CVD & Type 2 Diabetes

Lower Body Obesity:
-"Pear" Shaped Body
-Increases risk of Osteoarthritis

-"Apple" Shaped Body

-Increases risk of CVD & Type 2 Diabetes

Lower Body Obesity:

-"Pear" Shaped Body

-Increases risk of Osteoarthritis

3 components of successful weight management

restricting calories adding physical activities
adding an appropriate behavioral component

adding physical activities

adding an appropriate behavioral component

Thiamin

water soluble (B1) coenzyme in energy metabolism
Beriberi
Ataxia (muscle weakness/ loss of coordination)
alcoholism, renal dialysis, parenteral nutrition, human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), persistent vomiting (as in hyperemesis gravidarum), anorexia nervosa, gastrectomy
Nontoxic

coenzyme in energy metabolism

Beriberi

Ataxia (muscle weakness/ loss of coordination)

alcoholism, renal dialysis, parenteral nutrition, human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), persistent vomiting (as in hyperemesis gravidarum), anorexia nervosa, gastrectomy

Nontoxic

Riboflavin

Water-Soluble (Vitamin B2)
Coenzyme in energy release
Ariboflavinosis
Cheilosis- disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corner
Glossitis- inflammation of the tongue
seborrheic dermatitis- affects oily (sebum) areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, upper chest & back
Non toxic
milk, enriched grains and cereals, whole grains, vegetables, dairy, meats, fish, poultry, eggs

(Vitamin B2)

Coenzyme in energy release

Ariboflavinosis

Cheilosis- disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corner

Glossitis- inflammation of the tongue

seborrheic dermatitis- affects oily (sebum) areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, upper chest & back

Non toxic

milk, enriched grains and cereals, whole grains, vegetables, dairy, meats, fish, poultry, eggs

Niacin

Water-Soluble (Vitamin b3)
coenzyme for many enzymes, especially energy metabolism; critical for glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Pellagra
Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal (GI) tract damage alters digestion, absorption, and excretion, which leads to glossitis, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dermatitis: Symmetric scaly rash occurs only on skin exposed to sun
Dementia: In severe deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia, and paranoia develop
Risk increased by excessive alcohol consumption, malabsorption
causes vasodilation and flushing effect.
therapeutic megadose: may lower total cholesterol level, decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level
protein-containing foods (meats, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee, tea)

(Vitamin b3)

coenzyme for many enzymes, especially energy metabolism; critical for glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Pellagra

Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal (GI) tract damage alters digestion, absorption, and excretion, which leads to glossitis, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Dermatitis: Symmetric scaly rash occurs only on skin exposed to sun

Dementia: In severe deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia, and paranoia develop

Risk increased by excessive alcohol consumption, malabsorption

causes vasodilation and flushing effect.

therapeutic megadose: may lower total cholesterol level, decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level

protein-containing foods (meats, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee, tea)

Vitamin B6

Water-Soluble pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
As pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), acts as a coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins
rarely occurs alone.
Dermatitis
Altered nerve function
Weakness
Poor growth
Convulsions

Toxicity: UL of 100 mg/day

widespread in foods, especially whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, eggs

(Vitamin B6)

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine

As pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), acts as a coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins

rarely occurs alone.

Dermatitis

Altered nerve function

Weakness

Poor growth

Convulsions

Toxicity: UL of 100 mg/day

widespread in foods, especially whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, eggs

Vitamin B12

Water-Soluble Cobalamin cyanocobalamin
Modifies folate coenzymes to active forms

Required for metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Develops and maintains myelin sheaths around nerve fibers

With pyridoxine and folate, may reduce levels of homocysteine, thereby decreasing CAD risk
Usually secondary
Results in megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia
Additional neurologic or neuropsychiatric effects
Older adults at risk
May be masked by folate levels
Unknown
only animal-derived foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy)

cyanocobalamin

Modifies folate coenzymes to active forms

Required for metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Develops and maintains myelin sheaths around nerve fibers

With pyridoxine and folate, may reduce levels of homocysteine, thereby decreasing CAD risk

Usually secondary

Results in megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia

Additional neurologic or neuropsychiatric effects

Older adults at risk

May be masked by folate levels

Unknown

only animal-derived foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy)

Vitamin C

Water-Soluble Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant and coenzyme
Collagen formation
Wound healing
As antioxidant, may prevent damage to vascular walls by free radicals, thereby limiting atherosclerosis
Enhances absorption of nonheme iron
Thyroid and adrenal hormone synthesis
Possible reduction in cancer development
Populations at risk for vitamin C deficiency, chronic alcohol and illicit drug users, smokers, older adults
Scurvy: extreme vitamin C deficiency disease characterized by gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, hemorrhages, plaques, and death
Marginal deficiency poor wound healing, gingivitis inadequate tooth and bone growth/maintenance, increased risk of infection

UL of 2000 mg for adults; 400 mg to 1800 mg for young children through adolescents
fruits and vegetables: excellent sources include citrus fruits, red and green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, green leavy vegetables, fortified foods

Ascorbic acid

Antioxidant and coenzyme

Collagen formation

Wound healing

As antioxidant, may prevent damage to vascular walls by free radicals, thereby limiting atherosclerosis

Enhances absorption of nonheme iron

Thyroid and adrenal hormone synthesis

Possible reduction in cancer development

Populations at risk for vitamin C deficiency, chronic alcohol and illicit drug users, smokers, older adults

Scurvy: extreme vitamin C deficiency disease characterized by gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, hemorrhages, plaques, and death

Marginal deficiency poor wound healing, gingivitis inadequate tooth and bone growth/maintenance, increased risk of infection

UL of 2000 mg for adults; 400 mg to 1800 mg for young children through adolescents

fruits and vegetables: excellent sources include citrus fruits, red and green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, green leavy vegetables, fortified foods

Vitamin A

Fat-soluble alpha-tocopherol
-Antioxidant, particularly protecting lung and red blood cell membranes
-Antioxidant as part of system with selenium and ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
-Primary deficiency is rare
-Secondary deficiencies occur in premature infants and other people unable to absorb fat normally
-Symptoms include neurologic disorders and anemia
UL of 10oo mg α-TE
Megadoses can exacerbate anticoagulant effect of drugs to reduce blood clotting

vegetable oils (e.g., corn, soy, safflower, cottonseed) and margarine (adequate); whole grains, seeds, nuts, wheat germ, green leafy vegetables

Maintains skin and mucous membranes

Vision

Bone growth