lecture test

connective tissue proper

all CT with a semi-fluid ground substance

skeletal muscle tissue

__**Structure**____:__

long thin cells (fibers) with many nuclei and alternating areas of light and dark

__**Location**____:__

attached to bones

__**Function**__:

move bones

__**Control**__:

voluntary=consious

epithelial membrane

* a continuous multicellular sheet composed of at least 2 primary types of tissue
* a epithelium bound to a discrete underlying CT tissue

tissue

composed of similar cells that are specialized to perform a common function

wandering cells

* are not always there “visitors” in CT
* migrating white blood cells that respond to tissue damage
* macrophages or phagocytes
* eat foreign matrix

\-blast cells

* more active cells that secrete matrix
* fibroblast in CT proper-secrete fibers
* chondroblasts in cartilage
* osteoblast in bone

\

transcellular fluid

ECF that includes cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, humors of the eye, serous fluid and exocrine secretions

reticular CT

network of reticular fibers with loose ground substance and reticulocytes

__**Location**__:

basement membrane, lymphatic system, liver

__**Function**__:

support

bone

hard calcified matrix of hydroxyapatite crystals with collagen fibers and cells=osteocytes

__**Location**__:

bones of skeleton

__**Function**__:

protection, support, movement, calcium storage, hematopoiesis

highly vascular=fast healing

mast cells

* secrete heparin to prevent excessive blood clotting
* secrete histamine to promote inflammation

histology

the study of tissues

dense regular CT

primarily collagen fibers (pink) with few fibroblasts

__**Location**__:

tendons and ligaments

__**Function**__:

attachment and tensile strength

poor blood supply=slow to healing

smooth muscle tissue

__**Structure**__:

spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no striations

__**Location**__:

walls of hollow visceral organs and walls of blood vessels attached to hair follicles in their dermis

__**Function**__:

movement through digestive tract, vasoconstriction

__**Control**__:

involuntary=unconscious

elastic CT

primarily elastin fibers (purple)

__**Location**__:

lung tissue, wall of aorta, ligament flava

__**Function**__:

durability with stretch

dense irregular CT

primarily collagen fibers randomly arranged

__**Location**__:

the dermis of skin, heart valves, capsules of organs

__**Function**__:

provides tensile strength

cutaneous, mucus, serous

3 common types of epithelial membrane

cutaneous membrane

* skin
* consists of keratinized stratified squamous ET firmly attached to a thivk layer of dense irregular CT

\-cyte cells

* less active forms of cells in CT

Example: osteocytes in bone and chondrocytes in cartilage

fibrocartilage

__**Location**__:

intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis

__**Function**__:

tensile strength plus shock absorber

nervous tissue

__**Structure**__:

primary cells=neuron which respond to changes in their surroundings

neurons surrounded by neuroglia

__**Location**__:

brain, spinal cord, verbes

__**Function**__:

coordination or integration of body parts

little to no reproduction of neurons, neuroglia can divide

\

fixed cell

maintains constant numbers permanent resident within CT

hyaline cartilage

amorphous matrix that surrounds cells=chondrocytes

Location:

embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx

Function:

support

\

elastic cartliage

* protection
* line body cavitied that open to the outside
* lining of digestive, repiratory and urinary tract
* wet or moist membrane
* consist of a layer of epithelium firmly attached to a layer of loose areolar CT

serous membrane

* found in closed ventral body cavities
* consists of 2 layers with a potential spance inbetween
* visceral membrane surrounds an organ
* parietal membranae lines a body cavity
* secrets thin watery fluid called serous fluid into the cavity between the membrane
* each membrane consisits of a thin later of simple squamous ET resting on a thin layer of aerolar CT
* named for the organs that occupy each cavity
* pleural=lungs
* pericardial=heart
* peritoneum=abdominal organs

elastic cartilage

__**Location**__:

external ear, epiglottis

__**Function**__:

maintenance of shape plus flexibility

collage, elastic, reticular

3 connective tissue fibers

reticular fibers

* fine collagenous fiber
* form delicate networks
* found in basement membrane and lymphatic tissue
* stain purple

embryonic CT

mesenchyme

__**Location**__:

embryo

__**Function**__:

gives rise to ALL other types of CT

lymph

ECF that is in lymphatic vessels

collagen fibers

* composed of the protein collagen
* provide high tensile strength to matrix
* stain pink
* found in most CT and very abundant in tendons and ligaments

elastic fibers

* composed of the protein elastin
* provide rubbery resiliency to matrix
* stain purple
* found in skin, lungs, blood vessels

cardiac muscle tissue

__**Structure**__:

network of branching cells with one centrally located nucleus per cells, intercalated discs, strations

__**Location**__:

heart

__**Function**__:

to pump blood from heart to lungs and body

__**Control**__:

involuntary=unconcious

loose areolar CT

gel-like matrix with fibroblasts, macrophanges, mast cells and collagen and elastic fibers

__**Location**__:

beneath epithelia, covering ventral organs, between muscles

__**Function**__:

diffusion of nutrients and gases, wraps and cushions organs

reticular fibers

* fine collagenous fiber
* form delicate networks found in basement membrane and lymphatic tissue
* stain purple

adipose tissue

closely packed adipocytes (fat-cells) with muclei pushed to one side wihtin matrix (resemble signet rings)

__**Location**__:

under skin, around heart, kidneys and eyeballs, and breasts

__**Function**__:

energy storage, protection, insulation

blood

red cells, white cells, platelets in a fluid matrix called plasma

__**Location**__:

within heart and blood vessels

__**Function**__:

transport of transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes

mammary glands

modified sweat glands that secrete milk

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

* not part of the skin.
* It is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue beneath dermis
* rich in blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nervous tissue

apocrine glands

* larger than merocrine
* less numerous sweat glands with secretions that developnodors
* begin to function at puberty
* associated with hair follicles
* armpit, groin, around nipples
* secretion=sweat like above merocrine and oil and cellular debris
* respond to pain, fear, emotional stress and sexual arousal
* secretions include pheromones

ceruminous glands

* modified sweat glands that secrete cerumen (earwax)
* located in the external ear canal

reticular layer

* 80% of dermis
* dense irregular connective tissue with course fibers that criss-cross to make a stronger network
* this tissue makes leather from animals
* gives its skin strength and resiliency
* lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles - sensory receptors for deep pressure are found here

nails

* modified epidermis, protects ends of fingers and toes
* made of cells from stratum corneum with hard keratin
* nail plate rests on a nail bed
* new dividing cells come from the region at the base of the nail
* the whitish half moon shaped region at the base of the nail

hair follicles

* tube like deprssion of epidermis cells
* hair develops
* kearatinized threads of epidermal cells
* hair is 3 layers- shaft, follicle, root
* lower portion of enlarged root is the blub

excretion

function of the skin

* urea, uric acid carried out by sweat
* up to 1g of nitrogen waste may be lost per hour
* also excretes fats, lactid acid, salts, water

chemical synthesis

function of the skin

* although many harmful UV rays are screened out by the skin some necessary UV rays are allowed to answer where a chemical in the skin is converted into vitamin D
* Lack of vitamin D, impairs absorption of calcium from intestines into bloodstream
* Children, deprived of sunshine or another source of vitamin D, develop rickets in adults vitamin D deficiency is called osteomalacia

Cover

Integumentary is Latin for

Dermis

* thick layer of connective tissue
* Much thicker than epidermidis comprises the bulk of skin
* Two distinct layers: papillary layer 20%, ridiculous layer 80%
* Main function is to nourish epidermis

Stratum corneum

* outer most layer of epidermis
* Flat layer of dead cells arranged in parallel roll
* Keratinized (soft keratin) fibrous protein helps keep skin elastic
* Cells constantly being shed (abrasion)

Merocrine

Apocrine

Skin glands

Stratum grannulosum

* thin layer of flattened granular cells that contain shrunken fibers or keratin and shriveled nuclei

Merocrine glands

* ssmall glands distributed over most of the body (Forehead neck back)
* Odorless sweat secretion
* secretion=water + salts and wastes
* Not associated with hair follicles
* Are activated when body temp increases
* Cool body by evaporation

Papillary layer

* 20% of dermis
* Below Epidermis
* Loose areolar, connective tissue lies beneath most layers of the epithelium
* Finger like projections called Papillae join to ridges epidermis

Stratum basale

* inner most layer
* Rests on basement membrane next to dermis
* Single layer of columnar cells
* Cell division occurs here, big time
* Pigment melanin found here
* Screens out UV protects nuclei of deep cells
* Determine skin color
* Produced by melanocytes

Protection

Functions of the skin

* Prevents micro organisms from entering the body
* Prevent the loss of body fluids

Epidermis

* outer most layer of skin
* Stratified squamous epithelium
* Lacks blood vessels, avascular
* Most of the body have four layers of this: Stratum, corneum, stratum, lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
* Function: protection, prevents moisture loss, an injury by penetration

Stratum spinosum

* Composed of several layers of many sided cells with spines protruding from surface
* Spines interlock, making this a binding layer
* Subdivision and growth as well (busy not as much as layer below)

Sebaceous glands

* Acts as a barrier protected agents and emulates to keep hair and skin soft and pliable
* connected to hair follicles
* Holocrine glands
* Secrete sebum (oil)
* Semi fluid, mostly lipids

Acne vulgaris

Results from clogging of sebaceous glands, resulting in inflammatory response to battery infection

Epidermis dermis

Skin is composed of two layers

Sensation

Skins contain sensory receptors that respond to heat, cold, touch, pressure pain

Regulation of body temp

Function of the skin

* sweat glands produce sweat
* Sweat travels through ducks, the end of the surface of the epidermis
* Dermis rich, and blood vessels
* dilate when hot construction called

Sebaceous, skin

Glands of the skin

Protection, Regulation of body, temp, excretion, chemical synthesis, sensation

5 functions of the skin

Stratum lucidum

* layer that is absent in most areas of epidermis
* Between stratum, corneum and stratum granulosum found only on soles and palms
* Appears clear under microscope

Connective tissue

Support tissue

( forms the base for the other tissues)

Muscle tissue

Movement tissue

Nervous tissue

Control tissue

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Four primary tissue types are derived from three embryonic germ layers

Ectoderm

(Outside) gives rise to epithelial tissues and nervous tissues

Mesoderm

(Middle) gives rise to epithelial, connective tissue, and muscle tissue

Endoderm

(Inside) gives rise to epithelial tissues

Body, ventral cavity organs, internal spaces, body cavities, and ducts of exocrine glands

Locations of epithelial tissue covering and lining

Protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, secretion

Functions of epithelial tissue

Simple

Single layer of cells

Stratified

Many layers of cells

Squamous

Flattened cells

Cuboidal

Square shaped cells

Columnar

Elongated cells

Simple squamous epithelium

* Single layer flattened cells
* Generally allows for easy passage (diffusion) of substances

__**Location**__:

* Lining air sacs of lungs
* Lining capillaries
* Lining body cavities
* Covering ventral organs

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of square shaped cells with large centrally located nuclei

__Function:__

Secretion and absorption

__Location:__

* lining kidney tubules
* Lining ducts of glands
* Covering surface of Ovary
* Lining follicles of the thyroid glands

Simple columnar epithelium

* single layer of elongated cells with basally located nuclei (near basement membrane)

__**Function**__:

protection, absorption, and secretion

__**Location**__:

lining small intestine and uterus

__**Free Surface Modification**__:

microvilli and goblet cells

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

* single layer elongated cells with scattered nuclei
* looks layered but not all cells touch the basement membrane

__**Function**__:

secretion and protection

__**Location**__:

lining trachea and fallopian tubes

__**Free Surface Modifications:**__

cilia and goblet cells

stratified squamous epithelium

many layers

__**Function**__:

protection

__**Keratinized”**__

epidermis of skin

__**Non-keratinized:**__

lining mouth, throat, vagina, and anus

stratified cuboidal epithelium

2-3 layers of cuboidal cells

__**Location**__:

mammary glands, sweat glands, saliva glands, and pancreas

stratified columnar epithelium

2-3 layers of elongated cells

__**Location**__:

part pf male urethra, pharynx, and vas deferens

transitional epithelium

many layers of cells that change shape in response to tension

__**Function**__:

distensibility

__**Location**__:

lining urinary bladder and ureters

glandular epithelium

usually simple cuboidal or columnar ET

__**Function:**__

secretion

exocrine glands

secrete products into a duct which opens onto:

* external surface (sweat gland)


* internal space/ lumen (gastric gland)

duct

structure varies

endocrine glands

* secrete hormones into the blood
* ductless

exocrine glandular secretions

* are classified according to whether they consist of cellular products or portions of glandular cells

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

3 types of secretions

merocrine

* secrete fluid through cell membranes into a duct with no loss of glandular cells

Example: salivary glands

* serous cells- watery and enzyme rich
* mucus cells- thick with glycoprotein called mucin

apocrine

* lose small portion of cells with secretion

Example: mammary glands

holocrin

* release entire cells in secretion

Example: sebaceous glands in skin (oil)

carcinoma

a tumor (cancer) originating from epithelial tissue

single cell

* unicellular
* goblet cells

many cells

* multicellular
* compound- branched
* tubular- tube like
* alveolar- sac like

extracellular fluid

surrounds all body cells

__**Function**__:

* medium to dissolve solutes
* transport
* site of chemical reactions

__**Types**__:

* Interestitial
* plasma
* lymph
* transcellular

interstitial fluid

ECF that fills the spaces between cells in tissue

plasma

ECF that is the liquid portion of blood