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Echo
Acoustic signal received from scattering elements or a specular reflector
How is an echo produced
At an interface
What is an interface
It is where 2 tissues with a difference in chan and density come in contact with each other
Reflection
The change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated.
As the difference between tissues ______, the percentage of sound reflected will ________.
Increase, Increase
When tissues at an interface have the same velocity and density, ___________.
there is no reflection
Transducer
any device that converts one form of energy into another
Echogenic
Also known as hyperechoic, tissue that produces echoes, much brighter, change in echogenicity can signify pathological condition
Hyperechoic
AKA echogenic, tissue that produces echoes, very bright, producing echoes of higher amplitude and or density than normal for the surrounding medium
Isoechoic
Having the same echogenicoty as adjacent tissue (looks the same shade)
Hypoechoic
Producing echoes of lower amplitude and or density than normal for the surrounding meedium, low level echoes within a structure
Other words for hypoechoic
Sonolucent, anechoic, transonic
Sonolucent, anechoic, transonic
Without internal echoes, fluid filled structure, transmits sound easily
Texture
The echo pattern within an organ, could be homogeneous, or irregular. Fine, medium, and coarse.
Irregular boarders
Borders are not well-defined, ill-defined, or not present
Diffuse
Having no borders, distributed throughout, not concentrated or localized
Homogeneus
Opposite of heterogeneous, completley uniform in texture and composition, even amplitude of echoes, even texture throughout the organ or structure
Heterogeneous
not uniform in texture or composition, uneven amplitude of echoes, uneven texture of structrures or echoes throughout the organ
Infiltrating
Refers to a diffuse disease process, metastatic disease
Cyst
Spherical, fluid-filled structure, well-defined wall, contains few or no internal echoes, exhibits good acoustic enhancement
Cystic
Well-defined borders, fluid-filled structure, no other structures within, no echoes within, anechoic, have same internal characteristics of a cyst, increased through transmission
Cystic in ultrasound
In ultrasound, the word “cystic” does not necessarily refer to a cyst, term is used inaccurately to describe any fluid-filled structure, such as gallstones or kidney stones
Solid
A mass or organ that contains uniform low-level echoes. Can have irregular boarders, internal echoes, decreased through-transmission
Complex
Structure having solid, fluid, fibrous, or fat. Will have a mixture of echoes from within
Loculated Mass
Well-defined borders, with internal echoes, septa may be thick or thin
Focus
Single area or structure within a cystic structure or within a solid organ
Foci
Pleural for focus
Ultrasound window
Using part of the existing anatomy to “see through” another part of the anatomy
Artifact
Based on assumptions of sound propogation, can hinder or be helpful
Shadowing
Failure of the sound beam to pass through an object. The sound beam is attenuated, blockage can be caused by the reflection or absorption of the sound beam. No transmission of sound, sound is reflected where the shadow is located. Surrounding tissue has transmitted sound.
Attenuation
Reduction in the amplitude and intensity of a sound wave as it propoagtes through a medium. Caused by absorbtion, scattering, or reflection.
Enhancement
Sound that travels through an anechoic substance and is not attenuated. Increased brightness directly beyond the posterior border of the anechoic structure. An increased amplitude of echoes beginning at the posterior wall and proceeding distally.
Where could an enhancment be found?
Tissue posterior to a cyst, or tissue sterior to a vessel.
Display format
The manner in which information is presented to the sonographer. A -mode, B-mode, color doppler, and spectral doppler.
A-mode
Amplitude
B-mode
brightness, what we will use
Scan
The moving of an acoustic beam to produce an image, to perform an ultrasound scan, or a sonographic examination
Noise
Artifactual echoes resulting from too much gain rather than from true anatomic structures. A signal conveying unwanted information, and it distracts from other signals.
Sonogenic
“Photograhic” a pretty picture