Unit 6.1 - 6.3: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Scramble for Africa

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) and worked to end the illegal slave trade

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Quinine

An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

settler colony

Settler colonialism is a form of colonialism which seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers. As with all forms of colonialism, it is based on exogenous domination, typically organized or supported by an imperial authority.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

Philippine Revolution

1899-1902: Rebels in Philippines fought US troops for 3 years trying to achieve independence. US gives them independence after WWII in 1946.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Pivotal movement that broke the back of the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.

Zulu Kingdom

A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.

Anglo-Zulu War

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879)

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.

Jose Rizal

Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish

Samory Toure

Led a group of warriors to establish a powerful kingdom in Guinea. He opposed French attempts to annex West Africa.

Xhosa

a Bantu ethnic group from Southern Africa mainly found in the Eastern and Western Cape, South Africa

Guano

Bat and seabird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

Rubber

a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of a tropical plant or synthetically. They are native to the Amazon Rainforest and Central Africa. Used to produce tires, hoses, shoe sole, ect.

Palm Oil

used in machinery in Europe's factories as lubrication and for candle making. Originated in West Africa.

Diamonds

Highly valued precious stones found in South Africa among other places.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. Joined the diamond rush in Kimberly and formed the De Beers Mining Company. His racist policies in the Cape Colony paved the way for apartheid.

De Beers Mining Company

Owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world's diamond production.

Export Economies

The demand for raw materials that could be processed and turned into manufactured goods turned colonies into these. Their economy is made up of mostly international trade.

Monocultures

lack of agricultural diversity

Apartheid

Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Spice Islands

Present day Indonesia

Gold Coast

Southern coast of West Africa. It was the largest cocoa producer in the world.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese.

economic imperialism

A situation in which foreign business interests have great economic power or influence

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican President who promoted immigration as well as development, especially in the northern are bordering the United States

Chinese Immigration Act

1855 Limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore from the ship in Australia.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

Ethnic Enclaves

Clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country