PTA 222 Final (Chapters 21 & 22)

primary curve we are born with

kyphotic curve

cervical spine curve formed when held starts to be held up

lordotic curve

what happens to cause a lordotic curve in lumbar spine

standing, walking up right

when looking at a pt. from front and back, what would you want to see

symmetry

when looking at a pt. from a lateral view, what landmarks should the plumbline go through

just anterior to lateral malleolus

just posterior to patella

through greater trochanter

through lumbar bodies

through acromion

earlobe

things to look for on pt.'s posture

abnormal arches of feet

varus/valgus at ankle

calcaneal inversion/eversion

genu recurvatum (hyperextension)

genu valgus (knock-knee)/varus (bow legged)

anterior/posterior pelvic tilt

rotation/unlevel pelvic

exaggerated lordosis or kyphosis

flattened spine

rounded/forward shoulders & forward head

two muscle groups that tend to be tight in anterior pelvic tilt

hip flexors, trunk extensors

two muscle groups that tend to be tight in posterior pelvic tilt

hip extensors, trunk flexors

what muscles would be tight causing forward head

cervical flexors, upper chest muscles, suboccipital muscles

what position do you have the most amount of pressure going through your spine?

seated, leaning over, picking up something heavy

what position do you have the least amount of pressure going through your spine?

supine

the distance between heel strike of one foot and heel strike of the opposite foot

step

the distance between heel strike of one foot and then heel strike of the same foot

stride

the activity that happens between heel strike of one foot and heel strike of that same foot

gait cycle

steps taken per minute

cadence

normal cadence

70-130 steps per minute

single limb support

most time spent in gait cycle

stance phase of gait cycle

- makes up 60% of gait cycle

heel strike/initial contact

foot flat/loading response

midstance

heel off/terminal stance

toe off/preswing

heel strike/initial contact

heel comes in contact with ground

lowest vertical point

- hip flexed, knee extended, ankle dorsiflexed

foot flat/loading response

entire foot comes in contact with ground

- ankle plantarflexed, knee partially flexed, hip moving into extension

midstance

weight of body is going over the limb, highest vertical point

- ankle slightly dorsiflexed, knee/hip continue extending, both arms parallel, pelvis in neutral

heel off/terminal stance

heel leaves ground

- ankle slightly dorsiflexed then begins plantarflexion, knee is extending then begins flexion, hip hyperextending

toe off/preswing

toe leaves ground

- ankle plantarflexed, knee/hip flexed

swing phase of gait cycle

40% of gait cycle

- acceleration/initial swing

- midswing

- deceleration/terminal swing

acceleration/initial swing

the swing leg begins to move forward

- ankle begins to dorsiflex, knee/hip flex

midswing

the swing leg is directly under the body

- ankle is dorsiflexed, knee & hip at max flexion, pelvis is neutral, arms parallel

deceleration/terminal swing

the leg is slowing down in preparation for heel strike

- ankle dorsiflexed, knee extended, hip flexed

what muscles are eccentrically contracting to help decelerate the leg as it goes forward

hamstrings

when a person is walking what is the arm swing like

opposite arm with opposite leg (reciprocal)

what is the normal base of support while walking

2-4 inches

gluteus maximus gait

lean backward at heel stike

"rocking horse" gait

quadriceps gait

reaches down

hamstrings gait

snap out

equinis gait

due to tight plantarflexors and weak dorsiflexors

- tip toe walk

steppage gait

high stepping, overexaggerating hip flexion

can't pull foot up

waddling gait

side to side

scissoring gait

due to tight abductors

- legs cross infront of each other

antalgic gait

limping, gait that can develop to avoid pain while walking

ataxic gait

due to cerebellum dysfunction

- looks drunk

vaulting gait

stepping while lifting up

- due to limb length discrepancy

circumduction gait

swing involved leg in an arc

due to fused knee