AP Psychology NEED TO KNOW

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Last updated 12:40 PM on 4/26/23
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137 Terms

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Structuralism
used introspection; the use of looking INWARD to determine underlying structures of the mind
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Functionalism
Analyze the purpose of behavior - what function does it serve?
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Evolutionary approach
natural selection, genes
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Humanist
free will, choice, ideal, self-actualization
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Biological
brain, neurotransmitters
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Cognitive
perceptions, thoughts
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Behavioral
learned, reinforced
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Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic
unconscious, childhood
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Biopsychosocial
combo, eclectic
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Wilhelm Wundt
father of modern psychology- structuralist
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Mary Calkins
first female president of APA
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Charles Darwin
natural selection and evolution
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Dorothea Dix
reformed mental institutions in the U.S.
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Stanley Hall
first president of APA
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William James
father of American psychology - functionalist
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Margaret Floy Washburn
first female PhD
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Naturalistic Observation
observe people in their own setting
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Correlation
relationship between two variables, but not CAUSATION
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Positive Correlation
variables move in the same direction; one increases, the other increases
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Negative Correlation
variables move in opposite directions; one increases, the other decreases
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Mean
average
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Median
middle number
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Mode
most occuring number
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Normal Distribution
mean, median, and mode are the same
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Positive Skew
\
\
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Negative Skew
knowt flashcard image
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Absolute Threshold
identify stimulus 50% of the time
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Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity to stimuli
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Top Down Processing
using brain/experiences to interpret information
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Bottom Down Processing
taking in sensory information and then assembling and integrating it
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Perceptual Set
past experiences influence interpretation
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Inattentional Blindness
failure to notice something because attention is elsewhere
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Beta Waves
awake
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Alpha Waves
drowsy
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Stage 1
drifting/jerking
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Stage 2
most of night, sleep spindles, light sleep
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Stage 3
deep sleep, delta waves, growth
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REM
rapid eye movement - dream
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Night Terrors
mainly in children, in stage 3, screaming, flailing, sleepwalking, while still asleep
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Sleepwalking/Parasomnia
stage 3 movement
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REM Sleep Disorder
acting out dreams
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Place Theory
sound based on location of hair cells
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Frequency Theory
rate of neuron firing
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Cones
color
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Rods
black and white
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Feature Detectors
specialized cells for motion, shapes, lines
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Blindspot
where optic nerve converges
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Trichromatic Vision Theory
3 cones (red, green, blue)
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Opponent Process Theory
in ganglion cells, three opposing channels in vision
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Visual Capture
vision dominates senses
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Phi Phenomenon
adjacent blinking lights look like movement
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Interposition
overlapping objects
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Freud’s Wish Fulfillment
symbolism and unconscious wishes in dreams
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Activation Synthesis
dreams are random
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Cognitive
problem solving in dreams
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Information Processing
dreams are for memory storage
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Unconditioned Stimulus
something that naturally causes a response
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Unconditioned Response
natural response
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Neutral Stimulus
does not cause any response
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Conditioned Stimulus
previously the neutral stimulus
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Conditioned Response
previously was unconditioned response (now in response to neutral stimulus)
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Contiguity
timing of pairing
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Contingency
predictability of nuetral stimulus
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Overjustification
reinforcements diminish intrinsic motivation
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Continuous Reinforcement
reward for every response
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Fixed Ratio
reward response every (x) time
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Fixed Interval
reward when (x) time has passed
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Variable Ratio
reward after random number of responses
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Variable Interval
reward after a random amount of time
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Inight
aha! moments (Kohler)
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Episodic Memory
memory of specific events
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Semantic Memory
facts about something
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Hierarchies
memories are stored according to a hierarchy
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Semantic Networks
linked memories are stored together
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Instinct
complex behaviors that are not learned (animal motivation)
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Drive Reduction
physiological need creates aroused tensions (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need
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Homeostasis
equilibrium
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Primary Drive
unlearned drive based on survival (hunger, thirst)
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Secondary Drive
learned drive (wealth or success)
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Optimum Arousal
humans aim to seek optimum levels of arousal, easier tasks require more arousal, harder tasks need less
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Stomach Contractions
tell you when you are hungry
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Glucose
level is maintained by the pancreas (if this drops, hunger increases)
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Insulin
decreases glucose
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Orexin
released by the hypothalamus, tells us to eat (increase in this results in hunger)
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Lateral Hypothalamus
makes you hungry when stimulated
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
when stimulated you feel full (without it you would not stop eating)
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Leptin
signals the brain to reduce appetite (end of meal)
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Anorexia
distorted body image, weight loss of at least 15% of ideal weight
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Bulimia
normal body weight, binge
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Sexual Response Pattern
excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory period
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James- Lange
stimulus, physiological arousal, then emotion
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Cannon-Bard
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stimulus, physiological arousal and emotion simultaneously
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Schacter Two Factor
adds in cognitive labeling, stimulus, arousal, interpret cues, label emotion
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
being forced to smile will make you happier, facial expressions influence emotion
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General Adaptation Syndrome
three phases of a stress response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
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Alarm
body/you freak out in response to stress
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Resistance
body/you are dealing with stress
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Exhaustion
body/you cannot take any more, give up
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Big Five
OCEAN, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, each person varies on each of these
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Openness
imaginative, independent, like variety

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