EARTH SCI Q1 EXAM

hebrew bible

god is author of creation

hindu text: rigveda

cosmic egg, oscillating universe

anaxagoras

primordial universe/substance, “nous” whirling motion

aristotle/ptolemy

geocentric

nicolaus copernicus

heliocentric

giordano bruno

solar system is not center of universe

isaac newton

static, steady universe

renee descartes

huge swirling whirlpools, cartesian vortex, later called gravitational force

albert einstein

universe is not expanding/contracting, nagbago isip nung napatunayan na nag-eexpand pala

edwin hubble

universe not static, observed redshift

big bang

13.8 B years ago, supported by george lemaitre

age of earth

4.5 B years ago

cmb

cosmic microwave background, low cosmic frequency believed to be from the big bang

oscillating universe theory

theory by albert einstein, theory of big bang and big crunch

steady state theory

theory by fred hoyle, thomas gold, hermann bondi-universe expanded but density is the same

inflationary universe theory

theory by alan guth, extension of big bang theory, provides solutions to flaws in big bang theory

multiverse theory

theory by hugh everett III and bryce dewitt, many worlds

M theory

theory by stephen hawking and leonard mlodinow, branes are 2d&3d objects with strings attached together, includes tiny space dimension

geosphere

solid earth, contains minerals

lithosphere

solid outer section

astenosphere

below plates

atmosphere

mixture of gas, 78% nitrogen, 21% nitrogen, 0.9% argon, 0.1% trace gases

troposphere

lowest in atmosphere, 80% of atmosphere’s mass, warmest, weather clouds

stratosphere

no clouds, presence of ozone, temperature increases, jet planes fly here

mesosphere

middle layer, protects us from meteoroids, temperature decreases

thermosphere

temp as high as 1500C, ionosphere-has highly ionized gas, kennelly heaviside layer-reflects radio waves

exosphere

satellites, hydrogen & helium

hydrosphere

includes cryo, 71% of earth is water

salinity

dissolved salts in water

coastal zone

exposed during low tide

pelagic zone

low tide mark to open sea

epipelagic zone

sunlight zone

mesopelagic

twilight zone

bathypelagic zone

midnight zones

abyssopelagic zone

abyss

hadal pelagic zone

trench

biosphere

earth’s living things, biotic and abiotic interaction

biogeochemical cycle

links the subsystems

law of thermodynamics

energy can neither be created or destroyed, no energy transfer is 100% complete

rocks

naturally occuring aggregate or combination of minerals

igneous rock

ignis-fire, solidification of magma

extrusive volcanic rocks

solidified on earth’s surface

intrusive volcanic rocks

solidified below earth’s surface

igneous rocks: coarse grained/phaneritic

large crystals

igneous rocks: fine grained/apharetic

small crystals

igneous rocks: porphyritic

larg grains

igneous rocks: glossy texture

no mineral texture

igneous rocks: felsic

light colored, fel-potassium, sic-silica

igneous rocks: mafic

dark colored, ma-magnesium, fic-iron

igneous rocks: andesitic/intermediate

mix of light and dark colors

igneous rocks: ultramafic

mostly dark colored

bowen’s reaction series

shows order/assemble of minerals as they cool down

sedimentary rocks

lithification-nagdidikit ung maliliit na rocks, sedentari-sitting, strata-layers

sedimentary rocks: detrital

from weathered rocks, basis: size of particles

sedimentary rocks: chemical

from soluble materials, basis: chemical composition

metamorphic rocks

parent rocks (protolith) altered by heat, pressure, and chemical activity

metamorphic rocks: heat

from magma rising underneath

metamorphic rocks: pressure

caused by stress, much more compact lower underground

metamorphic rocks: chemically active fluids

water, co2, act as catalysts to promote crystallization

minerals

made by inorganic materials, definite chemical composition and ordered internal structure

mineraloids

fulfill other requirements to be a mineral, but have no ordered structure

4660 minerals

based on discoverer, -ite meaning belong to

crystal structure

orderly geometric structure, cubic, tetragonal etc.

hardness

resistance to being scratched

color & streak

color is not reliable, streak-powdered form of mineral

crystal habit

habit-overall shape of crystal

transparency

transparent, opaque, translucent

luster

appearance of light as it is reflected, metallic, pearly etc.

cleavage

resistance to being broken

specific gravity

measure of density to the density of water

magnetism

ability to attract tiny bits of iron

effervescence/reactions to acid

elements that react to acids

conductors of electricity

conduct electricity

silicates

major rock forming mineral

oxides

metal cations bonded to oxygen anions

sulfides

metal cations bonded to sulfides

sulfate

metal cations bonded with sulfates

halides

halogen ions in rock salt

carbonates

presence of co2- 3

phosphates

made of phosphorus

hydroxides

hydroxyl

5th richest country in terms of minerals

philippines

ore

rock that contains enough metal to be mined profitably

republic act 7942

govern the exploration, development, of all minerals-mines and geosciences bereau

physical processing

washing, grinding

chemical processing

smelting, electrolysis

tailings

waste materials not properly disposed of

mercury poisoning

associated with gold and silver

silicosis

inflammation of lungs

black dust

inhalation of coal dust