Oceanography Exam 2

What is a siphonophore?

Colony of specialized individualized zooids; not one animal but a colony with a common stomach.

What is the function of the pneumatophore?

Air-filled sac that keeps the colony afloat.

What are dactylozooids and their function?

Fishing zooids with many nematocysts; capture prey and contract into loops to hold prey

What are gastrozooids and their function?

Feeding polyps with a mouth to ingest food; produce digestive enzymes and perform extracellular digestion of larger prey.

What is the function of palpons?

Smaller zooids without a mouth that serve as accessory digestive organs.

What are gonozooids?

Reproductive polyps that bear clusters of gonophores

What are gonophores?

Medusa-like zooids that bear sex cells (reproductive structures).

What is the function of bracts?

Thick, gelatinous zooids used for protection and support of the colony

What is the function of the stem in a siphonophore?

Structure that all zooids are attached to; connects the colony.

What are nectophores and their function?

Swimming bells that pulsate to move the colony.

What are cormidia?

Groups of zooids arranged together with a specific number and arrangement along the colony.

What is a nematocyst?

Stinging structure used to capture and immobilize prey; found in specialized cells

Cystonecta =

FLOAT only

Physonecta =

FLOAT + SWIM

Calycophora =

SWIM only (NO FLOAT)

How do Calycophora move if they don’t have a float?

Use nectophores (swimming bells)

Which group forms eudoxids?

Calycophora

: What are eudoxids? (keep this simple)

Reproductive units that break off and float freely

What is the purpose of eudoxids?

Reproduction (carry gonozooids/gonophores)

Cysto =

balloon (float) 🎈

Physo =

fancy = float + movement

Calyco =

cut the float off ❌🎈

Q: What is unusual about the Lagoon Jellyfish (Mastigia papua)?

A (from your notes):

• Zooxanthellae in tissues

• Daily horizontal migration

What is Daily horizontal migration

• Day = migrate east to take advantage of sunlight

• Noon = migrate west until dusk

• Night = sink in water column to catch prey

Daily horizontal migration: Day

migrate east to take advantage of sunlight

Daily horizontal migration: Noon

migrate west until dusk

Daily horizontal migration: Night

sink in water column to catch prey

Q: What causes mortality in the Lion’s Mane Jellyfish

• Bacterial infection

• Low plankton population

• Eaten by fish

“Nematocyst =

stinging structure

Q: What is the role of oyster flatworms in the ocean

• Glide into oysters and barnacles through shell openings

• Use proteolytic enzymes to digest prey

• Suck nutrients into body

Q: What is the role of fireworms in the ocean?

• Prey on sea anemones and corals

• Tear off tissue and digest polyps

• Bristles can penetrate flesh and cause irritation

Q: What is the role of Sabella fanworms in the ocean

• Live in tubes made of sand and mucus

• Use radioles (plume-like tentacles) to collect food (detritus)

• Cilia and mucus move food to the mouth

What is the role of sea mouse in the ocean

• Benthic organism (lives on bottom)

• Feeds on other worms by sucking them from sand

• Uses camouflage and bristles for protection

Q: What is meroplankton

• Organisms that are planktonic for only part of their life cycle (usually larval stage)

Oyster flatworm →

parasite feeder (inside shells)

Fireworm →

coral predator (aggressive)

Sabella →

filter feeder (fan)

Sea mouse →

bottom predator (worms)

Meroplankton →

temporary plankton (babies)

Q: Why were bryozoans thought to be producers when first discovered

• They look plant-like

• Form colonies that resemble moss or grass

: What is bryostatin?

• Bioactive compound produced by bryozoans

• Studied for medical uses

• chemical

Q: Why are bryozoans called “animal grass”?

• Colonies resemble grass or moss-like growth

• They look like plants but are actually animals

What are bryozoans actually?

• Suspension feeders( ciliated tenticals )

• Use a lophophore (tentacle crown) to filter plankton

What is bryostatin?

• Chemical produced by bryozoan (Bugula)

• Used to protect larvae from predation

• Has cytotoxic properties (toxic to cells)

• Studied as a potential anti-cancer drug

Why are bryozoans called “animal grass”?

• Form creeping colonies

• Colonies look like grass or moss

• Can grow thick and cover surfaces (rocks, ships, seaweed)

: How do captacula help Scaphopods survive?

• Long filamentous tentacles from the head

• Capture small prey (foraminiferans + microorganisms)

• Allow feeding while buried in sediment

Q: How do mantis shrimp feed?

A: They are predators that specialize on fish, crabs, molluscs, and shrimp.

Q: What body part do mantis shrimp use to catch prey?

An appendage; a movable finger with spines or blade, or smash

Q: How many eggs does a female mantis shrimp carry?

A: About 50,000 eggs.

what is the plsnkton larval stage Zoea larval stage lasts

3 months

What is the physical difference between smashers and spearers?

• Spearers: appendage with barbed spine

• Smashers: appendage used to smash prey

What do smashers eat and how do they capture prey?

They eat snails, clams, and crabs and smash prey with an appendage

Q: What do spearers eat and how do they capture prey?

eat fish and shrimp) and spear prey with a barbed spine

what is zoea larva

plankton larval stage

Krill are WHAT for plankton

suspension feeders

what are suspension feeders?

what is the importance of krill in Antartica food webs

declined 50%-80%, many other animals rely on krill as main food source

what happened to the penguins bc krill population dropped

50% decline chinstrap and adelie in 30 yrs

What do phototrophs do - krill bioluminescence

produce light

what control the light of bioluminescence in Krill

• Sphincter/muscles= the switch

• oxygen to bacteria

more oxygen=

more light

less oxygen =

dim or no light

Bioluminescence in photophores occurs when

muscles regulate the flow of oxygen to light-producing bacteria, causing the light to become brighter or dimmer.

Q: Where do lobsters live?

They excavate deep tunnels and live in them

How can you locate a lobster’s habitat?

A: By a sediment mound at the entrance

When do lobsters feed?

A: They are nocturnal feeders.

: How do inshore lobsters move?

stay in one place and rarely move more than a mile.

: How do deepwater lobsters move?

seasonal migratory pattern

What is the seasonal movement of deepwater lobsters?

They move shoreward in summer and return offshore in autumn.

What is the longest recorded movement of a lobster

225 miles, from the continental shelf to near Long Island, NY.

what are lobster chelipeds

claws

Q: What are the two types of chelipeds?

A: Crusher cheliped and seizer cheliped.

Q: What are the properties of the crusher cheliped?

• Large, rounded, molar-like teeth

• Slow-twitch muscle fibers

• Built for endurance and crushing

Q: What are the properties of the seizer cheliped?

• Pointed teeth and sensory hairs

• Fast-twitch muscle fibers

• Built for quick grabbing

Lobster mortality steps

1. amoeba = paramoebiasis

2. Epizootic sell disease (ESD)

3. Calcinosis

4. ocean acidification- climate change

Lobster mortality: What is Paramoebiasis?

.A: A disease caused by an amoeba that infects the nervous system.

what makes the Paramoebiasis disease worse

Pollution weakens the immune system

what the major impact of Paramoebiasis disease

econmic loss

Q: What happens to lobsters with ESD

A: Their shell erodes and exposes soft tissue.

what bacteria makes them molt during ESD

Chitinolytic

Q: What are visible signs of ESD

A: Swelling in the mid-body, and many die soon after capture

Q: What causes or worsens this disease

• Weakened immune system

• Warming ocean temperatures

• Caused by chitinolytic bacteria (break down the shell)

Can lobster recover from ESD

yes can sometimes molt out of diease

Q: What is Calcinosis?

A: A metabolic disease where calcium builds up in soft tissues.

Q: Why is calcinosis deadly?

affects gills and suffocates

what is linked to Calcinosis

warmer ocean temps near Long island

What causes ocean acidification?

Excess CO₂ dissolves in water → forms carbonic acid → lowers pH.

what is Ocean acidification

climate change

Due to climate chnag eit lowers the pH, how does this affect lobsters

• lowers growth rates

• Inhibiting the immune system

• decrease calcification of the shell

Paramoebiasis:

attacks nervous system (worse with pollution)

ESD

shell rots away (bacteria + warm water)

Calcinosis:

calcium buildup → gill failure

Acidification:

weak shells + slow growth

what is the kigndome of sharks

Animalia

what is the phylum of sharks

chordata

what class ae sharks

Chondrichthyes

Major order of shark:Squatiniformes

• angel shark

Major order of shark: Squaliformes

• dogfish shark

• sleeper shark

Major order of shark: Pristiophoriformes

• Saw shark

Major order of shark: Orectolobiofromes

• nurse shark

• webegons

• whalw shark