Kohlberg's Moral Development, Values Confrontation & Confidentiality / Data Privacy (Nursing Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering Kohlberg's stages, core bioethics principles, autonomy concepts, confidentiality, and relevant health information privacy laws as presented in the notes.

Preconventional level

First level of Kohlberg's moral thinking; found at the elementary school level.

Punishment-Obedience (Stage 1)

Child does right to avoid punishment.

Instrumental Orientation (Stage 2)

Carries out actions to satisfy own needs rather than society's.

Conventional level

Second level of moral thinking generally found in society.

Nice Girl – Nice Boy Stage (Stage 3)

Children follow rules to be a good/nice person in own eyes and others.

Law & Order (Stage 4)

Follows self-care measures only if someone is there to enforce them.

Post-conventional level

Third level of moral thinking Kohlberg felt is not reached by the majority of adults.

Social Contract (Stage 5)

Follows standards of society for the good of all people.

Universal Ethical Principle Orientation (Stage 6)

Following internalized standards of conduct.

Respect for Individuals

Essential prerequisite of beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice; recognizes the autonomy of individuals and treats them as autonomous agents.

Autonomy (health care)

The patient’s right to make own decisions; requires information and respect for choosing care.

Informed Consent

Nurse must inform patient with all options including cost, procedure, benefits and risks; do not provide advice or recommendations.

Paternalism/Parentalism

Physicians assume authority to make decisions for patients; only if the patient's decision-making capacity is diminished.

Standard of Best Interest

When the patient cannot decide, the health care provider must decide the best course of action.

Beneficence

The goal of benefiting the client; take positive steps to prevent and remove harm.

Justice

Health care providers treat the patient as a person with equal rights and treatments.

Veracity

Truthfulness; never mislead or deceive a patient.

Nonmaleficence

Obligation to avoid injuring; protect those who cannot protect themselves (e.g., children, mentally incompetent, unconscious).

Fidelity

Loyalty and adherence to promises; building trust and advocating for patients.

Confidentiality

Trust-related protection of patient information; confidentiality and physician–patient privilege.

Privileged Information

Data protected under law (e.g., husband–wife communications, attorney–client, physician–patient, priest–confessor).

Sensitive Personal Information

Race/Ethnic origin; age; marital status; religious/political affiliations; health and education; genetic or sexual life; criminal/civil proceedings; government-issued records.

Health Care Information

Includes interview, research data, physical exams, laboratory results, surveys.

Teleological ethics

Ethical theory where outcomes determine the moral value of actions (consequentialism).

Deontological ethics

Ethical theory that emphasizes duty and rules over outcomes (duty-based ethics).

Data Privacy Act (RA 10173)

Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012; basis for data privacy protection.

Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175)

Law supporting cyber security and related protections; basis for data privacy protection.

Magna Carta of Patient's Rights and Obligations

Document outlining patient rights and obligations; basis for protecting privacy and autonomy.

Consent (Confidentiality exception)

Confidential information may be released with patient or legally authorized surrogate consent.

Court Order (Confidentiality exception)

Confidential information may be released upon a court order.

Continued Treatment (Confidentiality exception)

Confidential information may be released to ensure ongoing treatment.

Comply with the Law (Confidentiality exception)

Disclosure as required by mandatory reporting statutes or law enforcement investigations.

Communicate a Threat (Confidentiality exception)

Duty to protect others from violence by a patient; exception to confidentiality.

Threat of Self-Destruction

If concealing information poses a risk to the patient, disclosure may be required.

Irreversible

Once information is shared, it cannot be unshared or erased.

Do No Harm (confidentiality context)

Do no harm in gathering, recording and sharing information; maintain an honest patient–provider relationship.

Use Information Proactively

Share information only to improve diagnosis, treatment decisions and patient care.