Unit 4 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Part A (SL)

Multi-store model (MSM)

A representation of how memory works in terms of three stores called sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). It also describes how information is transferred from one store to another, how it is remembered and how it is forgotten.

attention

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

rehearsal

conscious repetition of information

retrieval

the process of getting information out of long term memory storage

memory trace

physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed (LTP)

echoic memory (sensory memory)

auditory sensory memory, retained for several seconds

iconic memory (sensory memory)

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories (related to damage to the hippocampus)

hippocampus (memory)

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

declarative (explicit) memory

type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

procedural (implicit) memory

conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something; is a form of memory that is not conscious; muscle memory

Working Memory Model

Working memory is a limited capacity multi-component system for retaining information for a brief period while performing mental operations on that information.

central executive system

controls the deployment of attention in working memory, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed

episodic buffer

A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

phonological loop

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

visiospatial sketchpad

The inner eye. It deals with visual and spatial information from either sensory memory or LTM.

flashbulb memory

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

anxiety

An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.

clinical biases in diagnosis

a systematic deviation from accuracy in diagnosis caused by misinterpretation of the patient's behavior

normality

an individual's typical behavior that aligns with most behaviors in society

abnormality

an individual's odd or uncommon behavior and emotions arising from a person having an unstable mind, irritable or distressing behavior, or deviating from societal norms.

DSM-5-TR

Current edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

stigma

a mark of social disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person (can be caused by societal views on mental illness)

diagnostic criteria

The specific criteria used to determine whether an individual has a specific type of psychiatric disorder. Commonly used diagnostic criteria are included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and the Internal Classification of Disorders, Version 9 (ICD-11).

ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases)

Current edition of the diagnostic criteria developed by the World Health Organization. Used in comparison or alongside the American DSM-5

dehumanization

the attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than one's own (such as individuals with mental illness)

comorbity of anxiety disorders

suggests there is a relation between anxiety and depression. 55% of patients who received a diagnosis of anxiety or depression had at least 1 other anxiety or depressive order at the time of assessment.

culture-bound syndromes

psychological disorders found in only one or a few cultures

somatic symptoms

physical or bodily signs of emotional distress such as loss of appetite or disruption of normal sleep patterns

cultural competency

an understanding of the cultural background of patients and the various effects their cultural has on mental health, including etiologies, diagnosis, and treatment.

reductionist view

Approach to understanding the nature of complex things. We reduce complex things to the interaction between their component parts. Psychology is reduced to biology, which is reduced to chemistry, which is reduced to physics.

holistic view

a individual's behavior cannot be broken up into components. An explanation for a disorder requires different levels of explanations such as biological, cognitive, and sociocultural.

validity of diagnosis

the extent to which a diagnosis is accurate and leads to a successful treatment.

reliability of diagnosis

the extent to which different diagnosticians (guided by classification systems) reach the same conclusion when they independently diagnose the same individuals.

cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body's physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones

stress response

The response to a demand or stressor. Has three phases: alarm, resistance, and recovery.

consolidation of memory

A process whereby the memory becomes more firmly established. It is commonly now divided into two processes, synaptic consolidation a process that is assumed to involve the hippocampus and operate over a 24 hour timescale, and systems consolidation. This is assumed to operate over a much longer period, and to involve the transfer of information from the hippocampus to other parts of the neocortex.

amygdala hijacking

emotional responses that are immediate, overwhelming, and out of measure with the actual stimulus because it has triggered a much more significant emotional response

Hyper-responsiveness

A form of sensory modulation in which the central nervous system registers or processes sensory input at a heightened state Behavioral characteristics include an overwhelming response to or avoidance of:

social situations

noises

textures

dendritic atrophy

reductions in the branching of neurons typically as a result of disease, injury, or stress.