1. depolarization of membrane to threshold 2. rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels 3. Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization 4. Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate 5. Voltage-gated K+ channels open 6. K+ exits cell causes rapid repolarization 7. after-hyperpolarization due to K+ efflux 8. voltage-gated K+ channels close and the membrane returns to its resting value
steps of the action potentials
2
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contains voltage-gated channels that respond to local electrical changes
axon
3
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the depolarization phase is characterized by __________
rapid sodium entry
4
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the repolarization phase is accelerated by _________
potassium efflux
5
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voltage-gated potassium channels reach peak permeability, part of absolute refractory period
repolarization phase
6
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potassium channels still open, inactivation gate on sodium channels opens, relative refractory period - cell is hyperpolarized, so requires greater stimulus to reach threshold
hyperpolarization phase
7
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potassium permeability reduced, membrane potential goes back to resting value
after-hyperpolarization phase
8
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T or F, open sodium channels accelerate the repolarization phase of an action potential
false
9
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involves entire membrane surface, proceeds in series of small steps, occurs in muscle and unmyelinated axons
continuous conduction
10
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involves patches of membrane exposed at nodes AP leads from node to node, proceeds in series of large steps, occurs in myelinated axons
saltatory conduction
11
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action potential is 'recharged' at each membrane segment by fresh flow of Na+ through newly opened voltage-gated channels in the neighboring membrane
myelin produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, acts as electrical insulation
myelination
14
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neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic cell bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell often ligand-gated channels which results in a change in the membrane potential of the post-synaptic cell