Anatomy II: Practical II

What is the histology?

Trachea

What is the histology?

Trachea

What is the histology?

Esophagus

What is the histology?

Healthy lung tissue

What is the histology?

Emphysema

What is the histology?

Viral Pneumonia

What is the histology?

Anthracosis

What is the histology?

Tuberculosis

What is the histology?

Cardia (Stomach)

What is the histology?

Fundus (Stomach)

What is the histology?

Duodenum

What is the histology?

Duodenum

What is the histology?

Colon

What is the histology?

Liver

Diagnose the Pathology: Looks and feels like a sponge. Pink, squishy, and flexible.

Healthy Lung Tissue

Diagnose the Pathology: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by elasticity breaks down in alveoli. Results in shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.

Emphysema

Diagnose the Pathology: Infection, either bacterial or viral, of the lungs that can be caused by a variety or bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Symptoms may include fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Alveoli is filled with fluid and debris.

Pneumonia

Diagnose the Pathology: also known as black lung disease. Is cause by the inhalation of coal dust and cal lead to scarring and inflammation in the lungs. Symptoms include difficulty breathing. Alveoli filled with fine coal dust.

Anthracosis

What is the normal sound of healthy lungs in the trachea and bronchi?

Rushing/wooshing

what is the normal sound of healthy lungs in the alveoli?

rustling leaves

What auscultatory sound would expect to hear when a patient is experiencing fluid in the lungs due to pneumonia?

Rales/crackles

What auscultatory sound would you expect to hear from a patient who is experiencing restricted airways due to asthma?

Rhonchi/wheezing

What is the normal amount of inspired/expired air at rest?

Tidal Volume

What is the amount of air forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inhale?

Inspiratory reserve volume

What is the amount of air forcibly exhaled after normal tidal exhale?

Expiratory reserve volume

What is the leftover air after forcible exhale?

Residual volume

What are all four volumes together?

= IRV + ERV + TV + RV

Total Lung Capacity

This capacity is all but residual and is the range used in daily life.

= IRV + ERV+ TV

Vital Capacity

This is all you can inhale.

=IRV + TV

Inspiratory capacity

This is all below tidal volume.

=ERV + RV

Functional residual capacity

What is the volume that includes goes from 2500 -3000 mL? (Lightest blue)

Tidal Volume

What is the volume that includes goes from 3000 - 6000 mL? (Periwinkle)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

What is the volume that includes goes from 1000 - 2500 mL? (Dark blue)

Expiratory Reserve Volume

What is the volume that includes goes from 0 - 1200 mL? (Green)

Residual Volume

What is the ideal range for blood pH?

7\.35-7.45

Rapid, deep breathing causes a decrease in blood CO2 and increase of H+ ions, which results in?

Respiratory acidosis

Slow, shallow breathing cause an increase in CO2 and a decrease in H+ ions which results in:

respiratory alkalosis

During _______, the diaphragm contracts and lowers increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

Inspiration

During ______, the diaphragm relaxes and rises decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and raising the intrapulmonary pressure.

exhalation

What pressure prevents against collapsed lung and allows tension for lungs to recoil and be elastic?

Intrapleural pressure

What are the four walls of the trachea?

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia

What is this structure?

Hard palate

What is this structure?

Soft palate

What is this structure?

Uvula

What is this structure?

Nasal conchae

What is this structure?

Nasopharynx

What is this structure?

Oropharynx

What is this structure?

Laryngopharynx

What is this structure?

Eppiglotis

What is this structure?

Nostril

What is this structure?

Thyroid cartilage

What is this structure?

Cricoid cartilage

What is this structure?

Arytenoid cartilage

What is this structure?

Corniculate cartilage

What is this structure?

tracheal cartilage

What is this structure?

Epiglottis

What is this structure?

Vocal folds

What is this structure?

Trachea

What is this structure?

Left bronchus

What is this structure?

Bronchioles

What is this structure?

Carina

What is this structure?

R superior Lobe

What is this structure?

R middle lobe

What is this structure?

R inferior lobe

What is this structure?

L superior lobe

What is this structure?

L inferior lobe

What is this structure?

trachea

What is this structure?

Alveoli

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea?

epiglottis

What is the purpose of teeth?

Mastication

What is the purpose of the uvula and salivary glands?

Moistening

What organ produces bile?

Liver

What organ stores concentrated bile?

Gallbladder

What is the duct system order of bile?

Pancreatic duct to common bile duct to duodenum at ampulla vater

What pathology is consistent with ulcers and inflammation of the colon?

Ulcerative colitis

What condition results in small pouches called diverticula that form in the walls of the large intestine and become inflamed or infected?

Diverticulitis

What condition results in liver scarring and causes the liver to not function properly, often as a result of alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis?

Liver cirrhosis

What are hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause pain?

Gall stones

What is a sore or erosion that forms in the lining of the stomach or duodenum as a result of the acid and pepsin produced in the stomach?

Peptic ulcer

What enzyme is produced by the salivary glands and begins the breakdown of starches in the mouth?

Salivary amylase

What enzyme is produced by the pancreas and breaks down strached into smaller molecules in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylase

What enzyme is produced by the stomach and breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?

Pepsin

What enzyme(s) is produced by the pancreas and breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine?

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

What enzyme is produced by the pancreas and small intestine and breaks down fats into smaller fatty acids and glycerol?

Lipase

What fluid is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and helps emulsify fats in the small intestine.

bile

What is the process of chewing food with teeth to break it down into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva?

Mastication

What is the rhythmic contraction of the stomach muscles that mix food with gastric juices to break it down into a liquid known as chyme?

Churning

What is the coordinated muscular contraction that propels food through the digestive tract?

Peristalsis

What is the periodic squeezing of the circular muscles in the small intestine that mixes and breaks down food?

segmentation

The inner most layer of the alimentary canal wall that is composed of three layers and secretes mucus/digestive enzymes and also helps absorb nutrients?

Mucosa

What layer of the alimentary canal is composed of connective tissues, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Contains glands to secrete mucous and digestive enzymes.

submucosa

What layer of the alimentary canal is a layer of smooth muscle that contracts (peristalsis) to move food through the digestive tract?

Muscularis externa

What layer of the alimentary canal is the outermost layer composed of connective tissue and supports/protects the digestive tract?

Serosa

These are cells in the stomach that secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of pepsin, which breaks down proteins.

Chief cells

These cells are located in the stomach and secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment which activates pepsinogen and helps kill bacteria.

Parietal cells

These are found in the duodenum and secrete mucus to protect the lining of the small intestine from the acidic content of the stomach.

Duodenal glands

This is a glandular structure located in the mucosa of the small intestine and colon that secret mucus to lubricate the intestinal surface.

crypts

These cells are in the mucosa of the digestive tract and secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the intestinal surface.

Goblet cells

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What are the longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon that contract to form haustra?

Taeniae coli

Pouch like structures found in the colon.

Haustra