Studied by 12 people
What is the histology?
Trachea
What is the histology?
Trachea
What is the histology?
Esophagus
What is the histology?
Healthy lung tissue
What is the histology?
Emphysema
What is the histology?
Viral Pneumonia
What is the histology?
Anthracosis
What is the histology?
Tuberculosis
What is the histology?
Cardia (Stomach)
What is the histology?
Fundus (Stomach)
What is the histology?
Duodenum
What is the histology?
Duodenum
What is the histology?
Colon
What is the histology?
Liver
Diagnose the Pathology: Looks and feels like a sponge. Pink, squishy, and flexible.
Healthy Lung Tissue
Diagnose the Pathology: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by elasticity breaks down in alveoli. Results in shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.
Emphysema
Diagnose the Pathology: Infection, either bacterial or viral, of the lungs that can be caused by a variety or bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Symptoms may include fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Alveoli is filled with fluid and debris.
Pneumonia
Diagnose the Pathology: also known as black lung disease. Is cause by the inhalation of coal dust and cal lead to scarring and inflammation in the lungs. Symptoms include difficulty breathing. Alveoli filled with fine coal dust.
Anthracosis
What is the normal sound of healthy lungs in the trachea and bronchi?
Rushing/wooshing
what is the normal sound of healthy lungs in the alveoli?
rustling leaves
What auscultatory sound would expect to hear when a patient is experiencing fluid in the lungs due to pneumonia?
Rales/crackles
What auscultatory sound would you expect to hear from a patient who is experiencing restricted airways due to asthma?
Rhonchi/wheezing
What is the normal amount of inspired/expired air at rest?
Tidal Volume
What is the amount of air forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inhale?
Inspiratory reserve volume
What is the amount of air forcibly exhaled after normal tidal exhale?
Expiratory reserve volume
What is the leftover air after forcible exhale?
Residual volume
What are all four volumes together?
= IRV + ERV + TV + RV
Total Lung Capacity
This capacity is all but residual and is the range used in daily life.
= IRV + ERV+ TV
Vital Capacity
This is all you can inhale.
=IRV + TV
Inspiratory capacity
This is all below tidal volume.
=ERV + RV
Functional residual capacity
What is the volume that includes goes from 2500 -3000 mL? (Lightest blue)
Tidal Volume
What is the volume that includes goes from 3000 - 6000 mL? (Periwinkle)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
What is the volume that includes goes from 1000 - 2500 mL? (Dark blue)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
What is the volume that includes goes from 0 - 1200 mL? (Green)
Residual Volume
What is the ideal range for blood pH?
7.35-7.45
Rapid, deep breathing causes a decrease in blood CO2 and increase of H+ ions, which results in?
Respiratory acidosis
Slow, shallow breathing cause an increase in CO2 and a decrease in H+ ions which results in:
respiratory alkalosis
During _______, the diaphragm contracts and lowers increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and intrapulmonary pressure decreases.
Inspiration
During ______, the diaphragm relaxes and rises decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and raising the intrapulmonary pressure.
exhalation
What pressure prevents against collapsed lung and allows tension for lungs to recoil and be elastic?
Intrapleural pressure
What are the four walls of the trachea?
Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia
What is this structure?
Hard palate
What is this structure?
Soft palate
What is this structure?
Uvula
What is this structure?
Nasal conchae
What is this structure?
Nasopharynx
What is this structure?
Oropharynx
What is this structure?
Laryngopharynx
What is this structure?
Eppiglotis
What is this structure?
Nostril
What is this structure?
Thyroid cartilage
What is this structure?
Cricoid cartilage
What is this structure?
Arytenoid cartilage
What is this structure?
Corniculate cartilage
What is this structure?
tracheal cartilage
What is this structure?
Epiglottis
What is this structure?
Vocal folds
What is this structure?
Trachea
What is this structure?
Left bronchus
What is this structure?
Bronchioles
What is this structure?
Carina
What is this structure?
R superior Lobe
What is this structure?
R middle lobe
What is this structure?
R inferior lobe
What is this structure?
L superior lobe
What is this structure?
L inferior lobe
What is this structure?
trachea
What is this structure?
Alveoli
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
What is the purpose of teeth?
Mastication
What is the purpose of the uvula and salivary glands?
Moistening
What organ produces bile?
Liver
What organ stores concentrated bile?
Gallbladder
What is the duct system order of bile?
Pancreatic duct to common bile duct to duodenum at ampulla vater
What pathology is consistent with ulcers and inflammation of the colon?
Ulcerative colitis
What condition results in small pouches called diverticula that form in the walls of the large intestine and become inflamed or infected?
Diverticulitis
What condition results in liver scarring and causes the liver to not function properly, often as a result of alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis?
Liver cirrhosis
What are hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause pain?
Gall stones
What is a sore or erosion that forms in the lining of the stomach or duodenum as a result of the acid and pepsin produced in the stomach?
Peptic ulcer
What enzyme is produced by the salivary glands and begins the breakdown of starches in the mouth?
Salivary amylase
What enzyme is produced by the pancreas and breaks down strached into smaller molecules in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
What enzyme is produced by the stomach and breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?
Pepsin
What enzyme(s) is produced by the pancreas and breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine?
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
What enzyme is produced by the pancreas and small intestine and breaks down fats into smaller fatty acids and glycerol?
Lipase
What fluid is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and helps emulsify fats in the small intestine.
bile
What is the process of chewing food with teeth to break it down into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva?
Mastication
What is the rhythmic contraction of the stomach muscles that mix food with gastric juices to break it down into a liquid known as chyme?
Churning
What is the coordinated muscular contraction that propels food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
What is the periodic squeezing of the circular muscles in the small intestine that mixes and breaks down food?
segmentation
The inner most layer of the alimentary canal wall that is composed of three layers and secretes mucus/digestive enzymes and also helps absorb nutrients?
Mucosa
What layer of the alimentary canal is composed of connective tissues, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Contains glands to secrete mucous and digestive enzymes.
submucosa
What layer of the alimentary canal is a layer of smooth muscle that contracts (peristalsis) to move food through the digestive tract?
Muscularis externa
What layer of the alimentary canal is the outermost layer composed of connective tissue and supports/protects the digestive tract?
Serosa
These are cells in the stomach that secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of pepsin, which breaks down proteins.
Chief cells
These cells are located in the stomach and secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment which activates pepsinogen and helps kill bacteria.
Parietal cells
These are found in the duodenum and secrete mucus to protect the lining of the small intestine from the acidic content of the stomach.
Duodenal glands
This is a glandular structure located in the mucosa of the small intestine and colon that secret mucus to lubricate the intestinal surface.
crypts
These cells are in the mucosa of the digestive tract and secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the intestinal surface.
Goblet cells
What are the longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon that contract to form haustra?
Taeniae coli
Pouch like structures found in the colon.
Haustra
Note
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