PLTW: PBS 2.1 - 2.3 Assessment of Learning

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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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58 Terms

1

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

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somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

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3

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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4

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)

the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

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5

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

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8

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

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9

tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

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benign tumor

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

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malignant tumor

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

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Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

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13

biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

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pathologist

specialist in the study of disease

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15

Basel cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

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Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

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Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

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Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

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Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

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cell cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

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23

daughter cells

the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

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parent cell

original cell before cell division

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25

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

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Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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27

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

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protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

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29

Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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nucleotides in RNA contain

  1. The sugar ribose

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  1. A phosphate group

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3.Rna contains uracil instead of thymine. So Adenine and uracil. Guanine and cytosine.

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Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

A nucleic acid containing ribose as the sugar component which helps direct protein synthesis

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Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

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Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

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mRNA (messenger RNA)

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

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tRNA (transfer RNA)

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

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Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

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Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

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Substitution

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide

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Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

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Deletion

A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.

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43

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

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prognosis

a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation

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geneticist

a specialist in the field of genetics

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46

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

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47

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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48

Alleles

different versions of a gene

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49

dominant allele/trait

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

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Recessive allele/trait

An allele or trait that is masked when a dominant allele/trait is present

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Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

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Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

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Pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

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54

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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sex chromosomes

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual.

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autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome

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autosomal recessive

inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome

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Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

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