PLTW: PBS 2.1 - 2.3 Assessment of Learning

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)

the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

benign tumor

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

malignant tumor

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

pathologist

specialist in the study of disease

Basel cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

cell cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

daughter cells

the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

parent cell

original cell before cell division

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

nucleotides in RNA contain

1. The sugar ribose

2. A phosphate group

Part of the building block that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a crucial role in energy transfer and the structure of DNA and RNA.

3.Rna contains uracil instead of thymine.

So Adenine and uracil. Guanine and cytosine.

Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

A nucleic acid containing ribose as the sugar component which helps direct protein synthesis

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

mRNA (messenger RNA)

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

tRNA (transfer RNA)

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Substitution

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide

Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

Deletion

A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

prognosis

a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation

geneticist

a specialist in the field of genetics

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Alleles

different versions of a gene

dominant allele/trait

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Recessive allele/trait

An allele or trait that is masked when a dominant allele/trait is present

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

sex chromosomes

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual.

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome

autosomal recessive

inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross