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each muscle has ____ sites of attachment
two
origin
proximal site where the muscle is attached tp a more stationary bone
insertion
distal site where a muscle is attached to a more movable bone
belly
the portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion (aka gaster)
lever
a rigid rod that moves around a fixed point called the fulcrum
effort
applied force which causes the movement
resistance (load)
the object being moved
first class lever
fulcrum is between the resistance and the effort
second class lever
resistance is between the fulcrum and effort
third class lever
effort is between the fulcrum and resistance
flexion
reduction in the angle of a joint
extension
an increase in the angle of a joint
elevation
any upward movement
depression
any downward movement
abduction
a movement away from the midline of the body or body part
adduction
a movement toward the midline of the body or body part
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
protraction
any forward movement of a joint in a horizontal plane
retraction
any backward movement of a joint in a horizontal plane
pronation
turning the palms down, or posteriorly
supination
turning the palms up, or anteriorly
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot up or toward the shin
plantar flexion
movement of the foot downward
external rotation
moving away from midline
internal rotation
moving back to midline
rotation
movement of a bone around its long axis
circumduction
movement in which the proximal end of a limb is stationary while the distal end moves in a circle; a cone-like movement.
action
the body movement produced when a muscle contracts
the prime mover (aka agonist)
the muscle primarily responsible for producing the body movement
the antagonist
a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover
synergist
a muscle, or group of muscles that help the prime mover by providing additional pulling force/stabilizing a joint
fixator
a muscle, or group of muscles that aid the prime mover specifically by stabilizing the point of origin of a prime mover
maximus
largest
minimus
smallest
longus
long
biceps
two heads, or origins
triceps
three heads, or origins
mechanical advantage
the amount by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force or effort
rectus
fibers run parallel to the imaginary line (straight)
oblique
muscle’s fibers run slanted to the imaginary line
deltoid
“triangular”
direction
size
location
number of origins
location of origin/insertion
shape
action
naming skeletal muscles:
rigid rod
fulcrum
effort
resistance (load)
components of a lever:
allow a given effort to move a heavier load
allow a given effort to move a load farther than it otherwise would
advantages levers provide:
origin (manubrium, clavicle) and insertion (mastoid process)
sternocleidomastoid named from:
example of agonist
biceps brachii (elbow flexion), rectus femoris (extension of knee)
example of antagonist
triceps brachii to biceps brachii
example of synergist
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
example of fixator
rotator cuff (sits muscles -supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, suprascapularis)