APWH STUDY GUIDE
Ap World Study Guide
Developments in East AsiaSong Dynasty, mandate of heaven, dynastic cycle, middle kingdom, Confucianism. Civil service exam, reinforced Confucianism, Filial piety, cultural traditions continued. Expected deference from women. Chinese literary and scholarly traditions spread to Japan and Korea. Champa rice, steel and iron production, textile and porcelains. Economy flourished. China was basically at the top of the game right now, they had printers and so many other inventions, so many consumers. Spread paper money.Song was full of wealth, art, stability trade, golden age. Buddhism came to shape society in China and Asia. Buddhism came through trade routes, silk road. More branches came to be, mahayana, theravada, and more schools and practices. Neo-confucianism and Buddhism came in East Asia. Grand canal, transportation innovation, helped connect china together. Better irrigation systems. Daoism is also there, harmony and peace. Chinese culture spreads —> japan.
Developments in Dar al-Islam , Abassid Caliphate fragmented, new Islam states dominated by Turkic grew. Islam still grew, more innovation, merchants kept going. Muslim states encouraged intellectual innovations, smart stuff, learning yk? Baghdad was luxury capital. Arabs became dominant in trade route worlds. Being muslim was beneficial for merchants. Islam in spain too, you can see it in the architecture. Islam spread in Afro-Eruasia through military expansion. Sufis, merchants, and missionaries spread islam. More advances in mathematics, literature, medicine (House of Wisdom). Preservation of European history, scholarly and cultural transfers to Spain, Christians.
Developments in South and Southeast Asia Dominated by Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. Sufism came to India and really stuck with the untouchables of a life of equality. Dehli sultanate was ruling over a majority hindu population. State formation and development led to new hindu and buddhist states emerging in south and southeast asia. Rajput kingdoms pushed muslims out of some areas.
State Building in the Americas also led to innovation. Rulers led over a more decentralized empire, but controlled it through tribute systems. Aztec, Maya, Inca. Sun god. Human Sacrifice. Calander
State building in Africa, Lots of agriculture and kingdoms. Stateless societies as well. Islam really spreads, implements itself into kingdoms. Mansa Musa - King of Mali, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Hausa Kingdom. Had gold and silver. Arab merchants cultural diffusion in Indian Ocean trade
Developments in EuropeChristianity, Judaism, and Islam were core religions. Europe was Feudal, very decentralized, very politically fragmented. Used serfdom and manorial system. Christianity was a somewhat unifying force since it controlled most of Europe. The pope and church had lots of power. Large agricultural society dependent on coerced labor, middle ages, not a good time.
Comparison in the Period Abbasid caliphate broke off, islam persevered, more turkic political entities came. Africa, Asia, Americas kept going and building, ruling. Song dynasty used Confucianism and an organized bureaucracy to control. Religion just kept spreading, trade was going ok everywhere in asia.
The Silk RoadsImproved commercial practices, expanded trade routes, networks, grew new trading cities. Trading cities like Kashgar and Samarkand. Spread religion, luxury items like textiles and porcelain. Cultural diffusion (merchant & missionaries). Mongols secured it even moreNew innovations encouraged more trade. Caravanserai (hostels) were places of cultural diffusion, new forms of credit and money economies. Bills of exchange, banking houses, use of paper money.
The Mongol Empire Expansion of empires, mongols, secured the silk road and facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade. Communication expanded when Mongols used human capitals and used different diverse people in their economiesMongols take over the golden ages of song and abbasid, old empires collapses. Mongols encouraged technological and cultural transfers, pax Mongolia brings together people and trade.
Exchange in the Indian ocean Indian ocean trade created more stronger states like Gujarat, sultanate of Malacca, Swahili coast. Technological and cultural transfers. Islam was really prevalent in these areas with the flow of merchants docking at these ports and creating diaspora communities. Gold/ivory in Afri. Porcelain and silk in China. Spices in SE asia. Pepper and Cotton in IN. Arabs bought slaves from Africa.Improvised technologies led more travel and trade routes. Compass, lateen sail, astrolabe, knowledge of monsoon winds. More luxury goods circulated. Merchants just staid and created diasporic communities and the indigenous and merchant cultures mixed together. Ming Chinese maritime activity: Admiral Zheng He. Knowledge of monsoon winds was needed. Srivijaya kingdom came after merchants started trading there.
Trans-Saharan Trade RoutesMore transportation technologies lead to more trade and more trans-saharan trade networks like the camel saddle, and caravans. Expansion of empires, Mali empire, = more trade with new people. Mo salt and gold.
Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Diffusion of culture, Hinduism, Buddhism, islam, impacted the cities they travelled to on the silk road. Writings, art, culture, technology was able to move. City populations fluctuated so fully. Travelers wrote about their travels on the trade routes. Buddhism spread to East Asia. Hinduism and Buddhism spread to southeast asia. Islam spread into sub-saharan africa and asia. Gunpowder and Paper from china spread, especially to the muslims. Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe
Environmental consequences of ConnectivityDiffusion of crops/agriculture and diseases through trade routes. Black plague came from china, through silk road which was stabilized by Mongols, and dropped in Europe. Environmental degradation happens after abuses of land with new crops and agriculture. Champa rice introduced to china which was very drought easy, more people, land was changed from southeast asia. Indonesian merchants brought bananas to Africa. This crop let africans move more, easier to plant other places.
Comparison of Economic ExchangeNetworks allowed more human interaction, cultural, technological, and biological diffusion. More trade, more trade routes, bigger trading cities. More movement of luxury goods. More technologies, caravanserai, forms of credit, more money economies helped all of dis. Manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China. Merchants expanded their movements and productions. More textiles and porcelains.
Empires Expand GUNPOWDER and cannons . That is how most imperial expansion was accomplished. Ottomans were able to take over a lot important cities (like Constantinople). Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid, Songhay. These were the strong gunpowder empires. A lot of these land based empires had a lot of conflict. Sunni v Shia dispute in ME. Safavid and Mughal conflict which was fought in modern day Afghanistan
Empires: Administration Bureaucratic elites and recruitment, with a unified military helped maintain centralized, organized control over empire. The Devisherme, loyal army, slaves, taught ottoman loyalty from a young age. Samurai, salaried economic base. Art and architecture legitimized empires rules. Qing imperial portraits. Incan sun temple. Taj mahal, palace of Versailles. Hagia Sofia, Sulemani. Legitimized with tax farming, tribute systems to forward state expansion. Mughal Zamindar tax - landlords collecting tax (kept some for themselves. Aztec tribute lists, different things, still maintained control over dispersed cities. Ming collecting taxes in hard currency. Ottoman tax farming.
Empires: Belief Systems: change in belief systemProtest reformation was a huge change in the stable christianity, but the protest and catholic reforms grew christianity. The Sunni and Shia rivalry (with otts and safs) intensified split in islam. Hinduism and Islam came to create a syncretic religion: Sikhism Empires achieved influence and scoped diverse populations. More interactions of connected hemispheres developed existing religions, created conflicts, and blended new belief systems
Comparison in Land-Based EmpiresThe connection of both hemispheres (made possible by transoceanic voyaging) transformed trade and had a social, religious, influential impact on the world.
Technological Innovations from 1450-1750. Europeans used knowledge from the classical, islamic, asian world to facilitate their transoceanic travels. They developed new, smaller, faster ship designs, like the Caravel, Carrack, and the Fluyt (Dutch), understood wind patterns to help them travel. The Arabic, classical world influences the lateen sail (could catch more wind), the compass, astrolabe (latitude). They didn’t rely on gunpowder, but definitely used it as well.
Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750Wanted Gold, God, Glory. Europeans wanted better routes to Asia.Oceanic travel for Europe were sponsored by the state and funded for exploration. State-sponsered helped Portuguese increased their maritime technology and navigational skills which allowed them to make their trade-post empire all around Africa and Asia. Vasco de Gama was important for the trade-post empire. m Spain sponsored voyages of Columbus to find a better route to china, end up going to the Caribbean, sparks interest. Magellan travelled around the world, many trade posts set. Columbus…of course found gold in Americas. English, French, and the Dutch had more northern Atlantic crossings. Europeans wanted to convert natives. Merchants wanted the biggest piece of the pie…more gold.
Columbian Exchange: Plants, animals, and diseases now freely moved between the connected hemispheres. Smallpox, measles, and malaria went to new world, killed natives. Afro-Eurasian grains, sugar, horses, cows came to Americas as well as slaves from Africa. More strains on the environment with the continued abuse of land by cash crop agriculture. Foods from America, like potatoes and corn, became staples in the old world. Cash crops were grown on plantations in the new world (with coerced labor) and then exported back to Europe. Nutritional benefits. Sugar cane plantation, enslaved africans were better than natives. Atlantic Slave trade also transported slaves to new world.
Maritime Empires EstablishedTrade-post empires were built, new global trade networks, new powers controlling the oceans. Some asian states rolled up the gate, not wanting European trade like Ming China and Japan. There were some political, religious, and economic rivalries in the ocean. Colonial economies in Americas depended on agriculture which was brought by labor systems like the Incan mit’a, chattel slavery, indentured servants, encomienda, and hacienda systems. Africa sold slaves legally. More demand for slaves came when plantation economy game. This led to significant population, cultural, social and demographic changes.Portuguese were extremely successful in setting up their empires, as well as spanish, and dutch. Maritime trade grew african states who participated in the trade and increased their influence. Portugal forced a tax on the travelers of the sea. The Portuguese sort of brought a power dynamic to the indian ocean trade that wasn’t there, but asian merchants were still able to flourish, and trade still continued. Swahili arabis, Omanis, Gujarat’s, and Javanese still played in the Indian Ocean trade. British were able to sneak in after Mughal empire was dying down. Treaty of Tordesillas, Portuguese and Spanish fighting over land in New world.
Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed mercantilism. European rulers used mercantilist policies to control/expand economies oversees. Let private investment happen, joint-stock companies grew, (east india companies) rulers and merchants financed exploration. Was competition between european countries, wanted the biggest slice of pie (more gold). Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean. Lot of african women left in Africa, polygomy. Lots of mullatos, and mixed peoples in Americas, creating hierarchies.Atlantic trading let to movement of goods/wealth/people/labor. Europeans. especially spanish in Argentina, created a huge global flow of silver, new global currency. Used this to purchase Asian goods, sold a BUNCH to China. Europeans finally got Chinese luxury items. Peasant/artisan labor intensified as demand for food and goods increased. Indian-cotton, China-silk. Connection of hemispheres contributed to more religious movement and conflicts, as well as syncretic beliefs.
Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 - 1750 There was local resistances to state expansion like pueblo revolts, cossack revolts, maratha conflict’s with Mughals. Enslaved peoples also challenged Europeans in Americas, like the establishment of Maroon societies, and resistance of North american slaves.
Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450-1750. Mughal and Ottoman empires accosted diverse ethnicities and religions. Other states, surpassed certain groups roles in society. Jews left from Spanish inquisition, but got accepted by Ottomans. Qin restricted Han Chinese people. Imperial conquests created new political elites. Qing came into power, rise of Casta system. Power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as there stood new challenged with increasingly powerful monarchs, like the Ottoman timers and the European nobility.
Continuity and Change from 1450-1750Connection of hemispheres was major social impact, transformed trade. Transocean voyaging only occurred because of technology from old world like ship designs and wind patterns. Lots of changes occurred in agriculture, including labor systems, and social structures. Slave trade intensified. Economic disputes occurred.
The enlightenment Important of reason and evidence, Church is still important, but their overarching power to reason has decreased greatly. Scientific revolution. Isaac Newton changed the way we understand the universe. The influencers are John Locke and Adam Smith. They said “lets create branches of government and get rid of divine right”. Also mentioned “Natural Rights”, humans have unalienable rights. Women’s suffrage, emergent feminism. Nationalism really riles up people together and allows them to fight and successfully rebel. Questions to inquire. Is the Divine right actually true to rule where nobody can question the kings? Union of Church and State, maybe it would be better if there is separation between church and state…they shouldn’t be controlled together. Existence of Unequal Social Classes, men are fighting rn. All these enlightment ideas start to spread, around Atlantic ocean travels and questioned existing governments which led to rebellions. Conversations are like: Should we get rid of slavery and serfdom?
Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750-1900Commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory allows a nationalism movement to occur-a sense of unity. Many revolutions and rebellions allowing new nation states. The US independence, Declaration of Independence “human rights”, which also spurred more revolutions. French revolution, 3 estates, discontent with monarch. Rebels ends with more democracy and liberalism. Haitian Revolution, they’re watching what is going on in France, spurs them to rebel and take over whites. Successful free slave colony. France’s deceleration of rights of man and of citizen echo enlightenment ideas. Simon Bolivar, hope for a pan south america, using nationalism to pursuit independence and democratic ideals which led to Latin American Independence. New national communities came linking together borders and fragmented regions. Germany and Italy unify around language.
Industrial Revolution BeginsAccess to coal/iron/timber. Proximity to waterways. Urbanization. Improved agricultural productivity, accumulation of capital, access to foreign resources….all this led to Industrial revolution. Factories are built, specialization of labor, more productivity. Steam is very important to fuel and move everything. Steam powered ships and railroads, could transport lots of cash crops and goods.
Industrialization spreadsGreat Britain kick starts industrialization, using coal to fuel. Europe just had a lot of natural resources to use. Steam-powered industrial production increased their global manufacturing, especially for US and Europe, while asian countries are decreasing their manufacturing. All the money from colonial places has sent back to GB to prove more goods. Industrial production spread from GB throughout Europe to Russia, and Japan (the leading capitalist zones). Manufacturing is declining in Ottoman empire, textile production is going DOWN in India, bc GB is taking all their cotton.
Technology of the Industrial AgeTechnology helped manipulate resources to fuel production. Coal and oil were used, fossil fuels, more energy, went hand in hand with steam engines and new machines. 2nd Industrial revolution is all about chemicals and steel and electricity, second half of 1800’s. More railroads, steamships, telegraphs made communication and transportation easier —> so more trade and migration. More connectivity for inter regions.
Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900Some states and government promoted their own versions of industrialization. Muhammad Ali developed a cotton textile industry in Egypt. US and Europe kept expanding which cause Japan to open up, work on their industrialization, and grew Japan’s overall power in the Meiji Era. Japan industrialized well —> so they became stronger.
Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial AgeWestern European countries changed their economic systems, dropped mercantilism, and adopted a more capitalist, free trade policy. All laissez faire and free market (from adam smith). Big transnational businesses came into the picture, relying on banking and finance. More industrial capitalism meant better standards of living for some. More consumer goods available, more affordable, more manufacturing methods, just CAPITALISM ew. Stock Markets came to be more prevalent. Limited-liability corporations and stock exchanges were a financial instruments (sue company not person). Some transnational businesses like Hong King and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Reactions to the Industrial EconomyPromoted different political, social, urban, and educational reforms. Workers created labor unions, fighting for better conditions, less hours, and more wages. Different parties, unions, shaping society. Some people were not happy with the increasing capitalist society, like Karl Marx —> new ideas of socialism and communism came to be. Ottoman, Qing, and Japan all industrialized to catch up with the rest of world. China did not do a good job, Ottomans did a little better, Japan did the best. Some members of the government often resisted these reforms.
Society and the Industrial Age: New social classes, including a middle class and working class, developed. Women, children in working class worked in jobs to help income. Middle class women focused domestically, in household. Rapid urbanization, and increasing population led to pollution, crowding, poverty, insufficient infrastructure. Basically all the negs of urbanization.
Continuity and Change in the Industrial AgeIndustrial capitalism, more manufacturing methods, more affordability, more consumer goods, better standards of living for some. 18th century had lots of revolution and rebellion, challenging existing governments, creating new nation-states. Lots started by enlightenment philosophies. Questions were brought up that questioned the norm. Nationalism helped shape new states and empires
Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest. Racist: classifying Christians as the most superior. Ideological justification. Nationalism. Desire to religiously convert indigenous people. White’s man burden. Civilizing mission, they are uncivilized and barbarians, slugs are the best kind of thing.
State Expansion from 1750 to 1900Some states strengthened control over colonies, moving control from non-state to state control. Like King Leopold II private ownership of Congo to Belgium Government. British East India company to the Crown control. US, Russia, and Japan expanded lang by conquering neighboring territories. European states, US, Japan acquired more territories, Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. European scramble for Africa, used warfare and diplomacy. Britain and French in West Africa. Europeans made settler colonies; Australia, New Zealand.
Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900Anti-colonial movements—> increasing question about political authority. Like the Sepoy rebellion in India. Anti-imperial resistance also created new states; balkans, Cherokee Nation. Increasing discontent with imperialism led to rebellions, sometimes religiously driven. Ghost Dance in the US. Xhosa cattle killing in southern Africa.
Global Economic Development from 1750 - 1900Need for raw materials for factories, and food for growing populations led to export economies. Export economies specialized in extracting natural resources. These raw materials were profited off of to purchase goods.Export economies: cotton production in Egypt, rubber extraction in amazon, palm oil in west Africa, guano in Peru and Chile, diamonds in Africa.
Economic Imperialism from 1750 - 1900Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism (where there is foreign powers have great economic influence), like Britain expanding in China after Opium wars and Unequal treaties. British constructing ports in Buenos Aires. Materials were exploited and exported.Trade was organized that gave European and US merchants and companies an economic advantage. Britain sold opium from India, and sold it to Opium. Britain used Indian cotton to make textiles to sell. Palm oil was exported to European countries. Copper from Chile.
Causes of Migration in the Interconnected WorldLots of changes in demographics and migration happened, a lot due to industrialization. Because of the new transportation, a lot of migrants relocated, more urbanization. Some migrants returned to their home too. Some push factors were homeland disruptions, pull factors, were jobs, money, remittances. Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific. Italian workers in Argentina. German and Irish to US. Circular season of migration. European migrants had more leeway to relocate, in search of work. New capitalist economy relied on coerced labor migration. Like Chinese and Indian indentured servitudes.
Effects of MigrationMigrations tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formally occupied by men. Societies did not always embrace immigrants, some racial prejudice was there. Chinese exclusion Act and White Australia policy.Migrants created ethnic enclaves, putting culture in new environments. Chinese in Caribbean, south America, southeast Asia. Indians in southern Africa, Caribbean. Irish in North America, Italians in North and South America. Little Italy, little Irish, chinatown.
Causation in the Imperial AgeIndustrial capitalism led to more standard of living for some, more availability and affordability of consumer goods. Industrialized states established new colonies. Lots of revolution and rebellion against existing governments in 18th century. Migration patterns changed dramatically and the number of migrants increased significantly.
Shifting power after 1900West domination. Land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states at the end of the 1900s. Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empire collapsed through internal and external factors. Russia was led to a a communist revolution. Mexican revolution, and China’s peasants challenged existing political order. They wanted more land.
Causes of WWIImperialist expansion, competition for resources (Britain v Germany). Territorial and regional conflicts combined with alliance system and intense nationalism escalated the tensions.
Conducting WWIFirst total world. Whole population was involved. Propaganda, art, media, nationalism, mobilized populations in home countries and colonies to wage war. New technology in War led to more casualties like gas, bombs, guns, submarines.
The economy in the Interwar PeriodGreat depression, government took more active roles in economic life. Like the New Deal, fascist corporatist economy. A lot of states took turns to a strong right control, japan went super militaristic, Italy and Germany went Fascist. Soviet union, national economy went through five year plans, using repressive policies sometimes with negative repercussions.
Unresolved Tensions after World War IBetween the 2 world wars, western and Japanese imperial states maintained control over colonial holdings. They gained more territories through conquest ore treaties. Japan invaded China. Great Britain and France got german colonies. There were some anti-imperial resistance like Indian National Congress
Causes of WWIICauses were rooted from unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the great depression, economic crisis, continued imperialist aspirations, rise of fascist powers and totalitarian regimes. More aggression of Nazi Germany.
Conduction WWIITotal war. Gov’t used political propaganda, art, media, nationalism, mobilized populations, purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize their state’s resources for war, repressed basic freedoms. New military technology including atomic bomb, fire-bombing, more wartime casualties. Western democracies like Churchill in GB, and Roosevelt in US mobilized for war. Hitler and Stalin mobilized war.
Mass Atrocities After 1900Rise of extremist groups let to attempted destruction of specific populations. Holocaust. Armenians to the Ottoman Empire. Tutsi in Rwanda.
Causation in Global ConflictWest domination, old states fell.
Setting the Stage for the Cold War and DecolonizationAfter World War II, there was increasing anti-imperialist sentiment that eventually actually became successful, unlike after WWI, which led to the dissolution of empires and creating new states. Technological and economic gains learnt during WWII shifted global balance of power (nuclear).
The Cold WarGlobal balance of political/economic power evolved into the Cold War. US democracy vs Communist Society union, was an ideological conflict. Groups opposed picking a side of the superpowers and promoted alternatives to the norms (non-aligned movement). Sukarno in Indonesia, Kwame in Ghana. Nasser in Egypt.
Effects of the Cold WarNew military alliances (Nato for democracy) and Warsaw pact (SU and its satellite countries). More Nuclear proliferation. Propaganda. Proxy wars, Korean War, Nicaragua conflict, angolan civil war.
Spread of Communism After 1900Communism took over in China after internal and external (Japanese aggression) factors. Government controlled national economy through Great Leap Forward, policies were repressive, lots of negative repercussions for the population. Lots of land and resources redistribution happened in Africa, Asia and LA, sometimes advocating communism or socialism. Communist revolution for Vietnam independence. Land reform in Kerala.
Decolonization After 1900Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa sought for independence from imperial rule. Like the Indian National Congress. Ho Chi Minh in French Vietnam. Kwame in Britain Ghana. Nasser in Egypt. Some colonies negotiated their independence, others through arm struggle. India, Ghana, and French west africa negotiated. Algeria, Vietnam, Angola fought for independence. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule like the Muslim league in British India.
Newly Independent StatesRedrawing of political boundaries after withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. Like Isreal and Pakistan. This redrawing of boundries sometimes led to conflict and population resettlement. Boundaries dispute happened in Africa. Partition of India, muslims leaving to Pakistan, Indians coming back to India. Also arabs leaving Israel after a mass migration of jews moved to isreal. Governments had strong presence in guiding economic life in the new independent states, like Nasser and Gandhi. A tie between the colony and the metropole (the former colonizing country) stayed when migration of former colonial subjects went to the metropole. Like south asians moving to Britain and Algerians going to France and Filipinos going to the US.
Global Resistance to Established Order After 1900There were a lot of movements to remain peace after all the conflict that happened in the world wars. However, there were some groups that intensified the conflicts like Spain under Francisco Franco and the buildup of the military-industrial complex and weapons trading. Individuals challenged the violence and war like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, and Nelson Mandela. They practiced non-violent civil disobedience, still trying to bring political change, but in a more peaceful way. Some movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims—Al Qaeda.
End of the Cold WarUS racked up their military and technological developments (Ronald Reagan), Soviet union failed to invade afghanastan, public discontent, economic weakness in communist countries, led to end of Cold war and collapse of Soviet Union. Berlin Wall being broken down symbolized that. Dropping oil prices also hurt the SU
Causation in the Age of the Cold War and DecolonizationPeople challenged existing political and social order leading to worldwide shifts. Decolonization, Anti-imperial sentiment, non-aligned movement. Cold war was an ideological war having economic, political, and social effects on el mundo. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenged in the 20th century.
Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900. Communication tech: radio, cellular, internet. Transportation: air travel, shipping containers. Reduced problem of global distance. Petroleum and nuclear power raised productivity. Birth control —> less fertility rates.Green revolution sustained earth’s growing population. More GMO’s, chemical forms of agriculture. Vaccines, Antibiotics —> longer lives
Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: DiseaseDiseases spread faster with a more connected world, and are associated with poverty, like Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Cholera. More close proximity, no proper/clean water, don’t have proper medical equipmentOutbreaks like influenza, Ebola, HIV/IADs were epidemics. Some are associated with old age, more of a first world problem, like heart disease and Alzheimer’s.
Technological Advances: Debates about the environmentHuman’s caused deforestation, desertification, air pollution, global warming, less fresh water. Greenhouse gases into atmosphere caused debates about climate changeHumans competed over the decreasing resources. Urbanization, industrialization is decreasing this. Developed countries use the most fossil fuels.
Economics in the Global AgeAfter cold war, many gov’ts encouraged more capitalist, free-market economic policies, more economic liberalization (less gov’t restrictions). Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Deng Xiapong all E.L. Regional trade agreements and Trading Blocs like World Trade Organization, NAFTA, ASEAN, reduced tariffs, more free trade. Knowledge economies (silicon valley stuff) situatied like Finlands cellphones, Japan, US. Manufacturing economies moved to Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, LA. Multinational corporations came to be where consumers are global (Nestlé, Coke). Basically free-market economies was spreading everywhere, very capitalist principles…
Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900Race, class, gender, and religion challenges. UN universal declaration of Human rights (protect women, refugees, children). Liberation Theology in America (the poor). Global Feminism movement. Women’s right to vote. More women education. Civil right act, end of apartheid, caste system in India, more rights for untouchables. Education was becoming more inclusive for all races, classes, genders, and religions. Movements protested inequality of environmental/economic consequences of global integration. Greenpeace movement. Wangari Maathai’s Green belt movement in Kenya. Economic movements: World Fair Trade Organization.
Globalized Culture After 1900Changes in arts, popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment, and popular culture reflected the influence of a globalized society. Global culture examples: Bollywood, Reggae, Facebook, BBC, World Cup, Olympics. Consumer culture transcended national borders, like Ebay, Toyota, Coco-cola, online commerce.
Resistance to Globalization After 1900Some resistance to economic/cultural globalization like the Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism. Brexit. China’s great firewall, censoring social media platforms for information like Tiennamen Square.
Institutions Developing in a Globalized World After all the WWII drama, UN, and new international organizations formed with the goal to maintain world peace and international cooperation.
Continuity and Change in a Globalized World Science and Technology brought a huge change from 1900 to the present. Rapid knowledge in science & tech led to advances in tech. New Environmental problems, and responses. Economics boosted, more globally connected. More rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. More rights, education, accessibility to the oppressed. More global arts, entertainment, and culture. Consumer culture expanded.
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Ap World Study Guide
Developments in East AsiaSong Dynasty, mandate of heaven, dynastic cycle, middle kingdom, Confucianism. Civil service exam, reinforced Confucianism, Filial piety, cultural traditions continued. Expected deference from women. Chinese literary and scholarly traditions spread to Japan and Korea. Champa rice, steel and iron production, textile and porcelains. Economy flourished. China was basically at the top of the game right now, they had printers and so many other inventions, so many consumers. Spread paper money.Song was full of wealth, art, stability trade, golden age. Buddhism came to shape society in China and Asia. Buddhism came through trade routes, silk road. More branches came to be, mahayana, theravada, and more schools and practices. Neo-confucianism and Buddhism came in East Asia. Grand canal, transportation innovation, helped connect china together. Better irrigation systems. Daoism is also there, harmony and peace. Chinese culture spreads —> japan.
Developments in Dar al-Islam , Abassid Caliphate fragmented, new Islam states dominated by Turkic grew. Islam still grew, more innovation, merchants kept going. Muslim states encouraged intellectual innovations, smart stuff, learning yk? Baghdad was luxury capital. Arabs became dominant in trade route worlds. Being muslim was beneficial for merchants. Islam in spain too, you can see it in the architecture. Islam spread in Afro-Eruasia through military expansion. Sufis, merchants, and missionaries spread islam. More advances in mathematics, literature, medicine (House of Wisdom). Preservation of European history, scholarly and cultural transfers to Spain, Christians.
Developments in South and Southeast Asia Dominated by Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. Sufism came to India and really stuck with the untouchables of a life of equality. Dehli sultanate was ruling over a majority hindu population. State formation and development led to new hindu and buddhist states emerging in south and southeast asia. Rajput kingdoms pushed muslims out of some areas.
State Building in the Americas also led to innovation. Rulers led over a more decentralized empire, but controlled it through tribute systems. Aztec, Maya, Inca. Sun god. Human Sacrifice. Calander
State building in Africa, Lots of agriculture and kingdoms. Stateless societies as well. Islam really spreads, implements itself into kingdoms. Mansa Musa - King of Mali, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Hausa Kingdom. Had gold and silver. Arab merchants cultural diffusion in Indian Ocean trade
Developments in EuropeChristianity, Judaism, and Islam were core religions. Europe was Feudal, very decentralized, very politically fragmented. Used serfdom and manorial system. Christianity was a somewhat unifying force since it controlled most of Europe. The pope and church had lots of power. Large agricultural society dependent on coerced labor, middle ages, not a good time.
Comparison in the Period Abbasid caliphate broke off, islam persevered, more turkic political entities came. Africa, Asia, Americas kept going and building, ruling. Song dynasty used Confucianism and an organized bureaucracy to control. Religion just kept spreading, trade was going ok everywhere in asia.
The Silk RoadsImproved commercial practices, expanded trade routes, networks, grew new trading cities. Trading cities like Kashgar and Samarkand. Spread religion, luxury items like textiles and porcelain. Cultural diffusion (merchant & missionaries). Mongols secured it even moreNew innovations encouraged more trade. Caravanserai (hostels) were places of cultural diffusion, new forms of credit and money economies. Bills of exchange, banking houses, use of paper money.
The Mongol Empire Expansion of empires, mongols, secured the silk road and facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade. Communication expanded when Mongols used human capitals and used different diverse people in their economiesMongols take over the golden ages of song and abbasid, old empires collapses. Mongols encouraged technological and cultural transfers, pax Mongolia brings together people and trade.
Exchange in the Indian ocean Indian ocean trade created more stronger states like Gujarat, sultanate of Malacca, Swahili coast. Technological and cultural transfers. Islam was really prevalent in these areas with the flow of merchants docking at these ports and creating diaspora communities. Gold/ivory in Afri. Porcelain and silk in China. Spices in SE asia. Pepper and Cotton in IN. Arabs bought slaves from Africa.Improvised technologies led more travel and trade routes. Compass, lateen sail, astrolabe, knowledge of monsoon winds. More luxury goods circulated. Merchants just staid and created diasporic communities and the indigenous and merchant cultures mixed together. Ming Chinese maritime activity: Admiral Zheng He. Knowledge of monsoon winds was needed. Srivijaya kingdom came after merchants started trading there.
Trans-Saharan Trade RoutesMore transportation technologies lead to more trade and more trans-saharan trade networks like the camel saddle, and caravans. Expansion of empires, Mali empire, = more trade with new people. Mo salt and gold.
Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Diffusion of culture, Hinduism, Buddhism, islam, impacted the cities they travelled to on the silk road. Writings, art, culture, technology was able to move. City populations fluctuated so fully. Travelers wrote about their travels on the trade routes. Buddhism spread to East Asia. Hinduism and Buddhism spread to southeast asia. Islam spread into sub-saharan africa and asia. Gunpowder and Paper from china spread, especially to the muslims. Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe
Environmental consequences of ConnectivityDiffusion of crops/agriculture and diseases through trade routes. Black plague came from china, through silk road which was stabilized by Mongols, and dropped in Europe. Environmental degradation happens after abuses of land with new crops and agriculture. Champa rice introduced to china which was very drought easy, more people, land was changed from southeast asia. Indonesian merchants brought bananas to Africa. This crop let africans move more, easier to plant other places.
Comparison of Economic ExchangeNetworks allowed more human interaction, cultural, technological, and biological diffusion. More trade, more trade routes, bigger trading cities. More movement of luxury goods. More technologies, caravanserai, forms of credit, more money economies helped all of dis. Manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China. Merchants expanded their movements and productions. More textiles and porcelains.
Empires Expand GUNPOWDER and cannons . That is how most imperial expansion was accomplished. Ottomans were able to take over a lot important cities (like Constantinople). Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid, Songhay. These were the strong gunpowder empires. A lot of these land based empires had a lot of conflict. Sunni v Shia dispute in ME. Safavid and Mughal conflict which was fought in modern day Afghanistan
Empires: Administration Bureaucratic elites and recruitment, with a unified military helped maintain centralized, organized control over empire. The Devisherme, loyal army, slaves, taught ottoman loyalty from a young age. Samurai, salaried economic base. Art and architecture legitimized empires rules. Qing imperial portraits. Incan sun temple. Taj mahal, palace of Versailles. Hagia Sofia, Sulemani. Legitimized with tax farming, tribute systems to forward state expansion. Mughal Zamindar tax - landlords collecting tax (kept some for themselves. Aztec tribute lists, different things, still maintained control over dispersed cities. Ming collecting taxes in hard currency. Ottoman tax farming.
Empires: Belief Systems: change in belief systemProtest reformation was a huge change in the stable christianity, but the protest and catholic reforms grew christianity. The Sunni and Shia rivalry (with otts and safs) intensified split in islam. Hinduism and Islam came to create a syncretic religion: Sikhism Empires achieved influence and scoped diverse populations. More interactions of connected hemispheres developed existing religions, created conflicts, and blended new belief systems
Comparison in Land-Based EmpiresThe connection of both hemispheres (made possible by transoceanic voyaging) transformed trade and had a social, religious, influential impact on the world.
Technological Innovations from 1450-1750. Europeans used knowledge from the classical, islamic, asian world to facilitate their transoceanic travels. They developed new, smaller, faster ship designs, like the Caravel, Carrack, and the Fluyt (Dutch), understood wind patterns to help them travel. The Arabic, classical world influences the lateen sail (could catch more wind), the compass, astrolabe (latitude). They didn’t rely on gunpowder, but definitely used it as well.
Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750Wanted Gold, God, Glory. Europeans wanted better routes to Asia.Oceanic travel for Europe were sponsored by the state and funded for exploration. State-sponsered helped Portuguese increased their maritime technology and navigational skills which allowed them to make their trade-post empire all around Africa and Asia. Vasco de Gama was important for the trade-post empire. m Spain sponsored voyages of Columbus to find a better route to china, end up going to the Caribbean, sparks interest. Magellan travelled around the world, many trade posts set. Columbus…of course found gold in Americas. English, French, and the Dutch had more northern Atlantic crossings. Europeans wanted to convert natives. Merchants wanted the biggest piece of the pie…more gold.
Columbian Exchange: Plants, animals, and diseases now freely moved between the connected hemispheres. Smallpox, measles, and malaria went to new world, killed natives. Afro-Eurasian grains, sugar, horses, cows came to Americas as well as slaves from Africa. More strains on the environment with the continued abuse of land by cash crop agriculture. Foods from America, like potatoes and corn, became staples in the old world. Cash crops were grown on plantations in the new world (with coerced labor) and then exported back to Europe. Nutritional benefits. Sugar cane plantation, enslaved africans were better than natives. Atlantic Slave trade also transported slaves to new world.
Maritime Empires EstablishedTrade-post empires were built, new global trade networks, new powers controlling the oceans. Some asian states rolled up the gate, not wanting European trade like Ming China and Japan. There were some political, religious, and economic rivalries in the ocean. Colonial economies in Americas depended on agriculture which was brought by labor systems like the Incan mit’a, chattel slavery, indentured servants, encomienda, and hacienda systems. Africa sold slaves legally. More demand for slaves came when plantation economy game. This led to significant population, cultural, social and demographic changes.Portuguese were extremely successful in setting up their empires, as well as spanish, and dutch. Maritime trade grew african states who participated in the trade and increased their influence. Portugal forced a tax on the travelers of the sea. The Portuguese sort of brought a power dynamic to the indian ocean trade that wasn’t there, but asian merchants were still able to flourish, and trade still continued. Swahili arabis, Omanis, Gujarat’s, and Javanese still played in the Indian Ocean trade. British were able to sneak in after Mughal empire was dying down. Treaty of Tordesillas, Portuguese and Spanish fighting over land in New world.
Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed mercantilism. European rulers used mercantilist policies to control/expand economies oversees. Let private investment happen, joint-stock companies grew, (east india companies) rulers and merchants financed exploration. Was competition between european countries, wanted the biggest slice of pie (more gold). Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean. Lot of african women left in Africa, polygomy. Lots of mullatos, and mixed peoples in Americas, creating hierarchies.Atlantic trading let to movement of goods/wealth/people/labor. Europeans. especially spanish in Argentina, created a huge global flow of silver, new global currency. Used this to purchase Asian goods, sold a BUNCH to China. Europeans finally got Chinese luxury items. Peasant/artisan labor intensified as demand for food and goods increased. Indian-cotton, China-silk. Connection of hemispheres contributed to more religious movement and conflicts, as well as syncretic beliefs.
Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 - 1750 There was local resistances to state expansion like pueblo revolts, cossack revolts, maratha conflict’s with Mughals. Enslaved peoples also challenged Europeans in Americas, like the establishment of Maroon societies, and resistance of North american slaves.
Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450-1750. Mughal and Ottoman empires accosted diverse ethnicities and religions. Other states, surpassed certain groups roles in society. Jews left from Spanish inquisition, but got accepted by Ottomans. Qin restricted Han Chinese people. Imperial conquests created new political elites. Qing came into power, rise of Casta system. Power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as there stood new challenged with increasingly powerful monarchs, like the Ottoman timers and the European nobility.
Continuity and Change from 1450-1750Connection of hemispheres was major social impact, transformed trade. Transocean voyaging only occurred because of technology from old world like ship designs and wind patterns. Lots of changes occurred in agriculture, including labor systems, and social structures. Slave trade intensified. Economic disputes occurred.
The enlightenment Important of reason and evidence, Church is still important, but their overarching power to reason has decreased greatly. Scientific revolution. Isaac Newton changed the way we understand the universe. The influencers are John Locke and Adam Smith. They said “lets create branches of government and get rid of divine right”. Also mentioned “Natural Rights”, humans have unalienable rights. Women’s suffrage, emergent feminism. Nationalism really riles up people together and allows them to fight and successfully rebel. Questions to inquire. Is the Divine right actually true to rule where nobody can question the kings? Union of Church and State, maybe it would be better if there is separation between church and state…they shouldn’t be controlled together. Existence of Unequal Social Classes, men are fighting rn. All these enlightment ideas start to spread, around Atlantic ocean travels and questioned existing governments which led to rebellions. Conversations are like: Should we get rid of slavery and serfdom?
Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750-1900Commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory allows a nationalism movement to occur-a sense of unity. Many revolutions and rebellions allowing new nation states. The US independence, Declaration of Independence “human rights”, which also spurred more revolutions. French revolution, 3 estates, discontent with monarch. Rebels ends with more democracy and liberalism. Haitian Revolution, they’re watching what is going on in France, spurs them to rebel and take over whites. Successful free slave colony. France’s deceleration of rights of man and of citizen echo enlightenment ideas. Simon Bolivar, hope for a pan south america, using nationalism to pursuit independence and democratic ideals which led to Latin American Independence. New national communities came linking together borders and fragmented regions. Germany and Italy unify around language.
Industrial Revolution BeginsAccess to coal/iron/timber. Proximity to waterways. Urbanization. Improved agricultural productivity, accumulation of capital, access to foreign resources….all this led to Industrial revolution. Factories are built, specialization of labor, more productivity. Steam is very important to fuel and move everything. Steam powered ships and railroads, could transport lots of cash crops and goods.
Industrialization spreadsGreat Britain kick starts industrialization, using coal to fuel. Europe just had a lot of natural resources to use. Steam-powered industrial production increased their global manufacturing, especially for US and Europe, while asian countries are decreasing their manufacturing. All the money from colonial places has sent back to GB to prove more goods. Industrial production spread from GB throughout Europe to Russia, and Japan (the leading capitalist zones). Manufacturing is declining in Ottoman empire, textile production is going DOWN in India, bc GB is taking all their cotton.
Technology of the Industrial AgeTechnology helped manipulate resources to fuel production. Coal and oil were used, fossil fuels, more energy, went hand in hand with steam engines and new machines. 2nd Industrial revolution is all about chemicals and steel and electricity, second half of 1800’s. More railroads, steamships, telegraphs made communication and transportation easier —> so more trade and migration. More connectivity for inter regions.
Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900Some states and government promoted their own versions of industrialization. Muhammad Ali developed a cotton textile industry in Egypt. US and Europe kept expanding which cause Japan to open up, work on their industrialization, and grew Japan’s overall power in the Meiji Era. Japan industrialized well —> so they became stronger.
Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial AgeWestern European countries changed their economic systems, dropped mercantilism, and adopted a more capitalist, free trade policy. All laissez faire and free market (from adam smith). Big transnational businesses came into the picture, relying on banking and finance. More industrial capitalism meant better standards of living for some. More consumer goods available, more affordable, more manufacturing methods, just CAPITALISM ew. Stock Markets came to be more prevalent. Limited-liability corporations and stock exchanges were a financial instruments (sue company not person). Some transnational businesses like Hong King and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Reactions to the Industrial EconomyPromoted different political, social, urban, and educational reforms. Workers created labor unions, fighting for better conditions, less hours, and more wages. Different parties, unions, shaping society. Some people were not happy with the increasing capitalist society, like Karl Marx —> new ideas of socialism and communism came to be. Ottoman, Qing, and Japan all industrialized to catch up with the rest of world. China did not do a good job, Ottomans did a little better, Japan did the best. Some members of the government often resisted these reforms.
Society and the Industrial Age: New social classes, including a middle class and working class, developed. Women, children in working class worked in jobs to help income. Middle class women focused domestically, in household. Rapid urbanization, and increasing population led to pollution, crowding, poverty, insufficient infrastructure. Basically all the negs of urbanization.
Continuity and Change in the Industrial AgeIndustrial capitalism, more manufacturing methods, more affordability, more consumer goods, better standards of living for some. 18th century had lots of revolution and rebellion, challenging existing governments, creating new nation-states. Lots started by enlightenment philosophies. Questions were brought up that questioned the norm. Nationalism helped shape new states and empires
Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest. Racist: classifying Christians as the most superior. Ideological justification. Nationalism. Desire to religiously convert indigenous people. White’s man burden. Civilizing mission, they are uncivilized and barbarians, slugs are the best kind of thing.
State Expansion from 1750 to 1900Some states strengthened control over colonies, moving control from non-state to state control. Like King Leopold II private ownership of Congo to Belgium Government. British East India company to the Crown control. US, Russia, and Japan expanded lang by conquering neighboring territories. European states, US, Japan acquired more territories, Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. European scramble for Africa, used warfare and diplomacy. Britain and French in West Africa. Europeans made settler colonies; Australia, New Zealand.
Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900Anti-colonial movements—> increasing question about political authority. Like the Sepoy rebellion in India. Anti-imperial resistance also created new states; balkans, Cherokee Nation. Increasing discontent with imperialism led to rebellions, sometimes religiously driven. Ghost Dance in the US. Xhosa cattle killing in southern Africa.
Global Economic Development from 1750 - 1900Need for raw materials for factories, and food for growing populations led to export economies. Export economies specialized in extracting natural resources. These raw materials were profited off of to purchase goods.Export economies: cotton production in Egypt, rubber extraction in amazon, palm oil in west Africa, guano in Peru and Chile, diamonds in Africa.
Economic Imperialism from 1750 - 1900Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism (where there is foreign powers have great economic influence), like Britain expanding in China after Opium wars and Unequal treaties. British constructing ports in Buenos Aires. Materials were exploited and exported.Trade was organized that gave European and US merchants and companies an economic advantage. Britain sold opium from India, and sold it to Opium. Britain used Indian cotton to make textiles to sell. Palm oil was exported to European countries. Copper from Chile.
Causes of Migration in the Interconnected WorldLots of changes in demographics and migration happened, a lot due to industrialization. Because of the new transportation, a lot of migrants relocated, more urbanization. Some migrants returned to their home too. Some push factors were homeland disruptions, pull factors, were jobs, money, remittances. Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific. Italian workers in Argentina. German and Irish to US. Circular season of migration. European migrants had more leeway to relocate, in search of work. New capitalist economy relied on coerced labor migration. Like Chinese and Indian indentured servitudes.
Effects of MigrationMigrations tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formally occupied by men. Societies did not always embrace immigrants, some racial prejudice was there. Chinese exclusion Act and White Australia policy.Migrants created ethnic enclaves, putting culture in new environments. Chinese in Caribbean, south America, southeast Asia. Indians in southern Africa, Caribbean. Irish in North America, Italians in North and South America. Little Italy, little Irish, chinatown.
Causation in the Imperial AgeIndustrial capitalism led to more standard of living for some, more availability and affordability of consumer goods. Industrialized states established new colonies. Lots of revolution and rebellion against existing governments in 18th century. Migration patterns changed dramatically and the number of migrants increased significantly.
Shifting power after 1900West domination. Land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states at the end of the 1900s. Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empire collapsed through internal and external factors. Russia was led to a a communist revolution. Mexican revolution, and China’s peasants challenged existing political order. They wanted more land.
Causes of WWIImperialist expansion, competition for resources (Britain v Germany). Territorial and regional conflicts combined with alliance system and intense nationalism escalated the tensions.
Conducting WWIFirst total world. Whole population was involved. Propaganda, art, media, nationalism, mobilized populations in home countries and colonies to wage war. New technology in War led to more casualties like gas, bombs, guns, submarines.
The economy in the Interwar PeriodGreat depression, government took more active roles in economic life. Like the New Deal, fascist corporatist economy. A lot of states took turns to a strong right control, japan went super militaristic, Italy and Germany went Fascist. Soviet union, national economy went through five year plans, using repressive policies sometimes with negative repercussions.
Unresolved Tensions after World War IBetween the 2 world wars, western and Japanese imperial states maintained control over colonial holdings. They gained more territories through conquest ore treaties. Japan invaded China. Great Britain and France got german colonies. There were some anti-imperial resistance like Indian National Congress
Causes of WWIICauses were rooted from unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the great depression, economic crisis, continued imperialist aspirations, rise of fascist powers and totalitarian regimes. More aggression of Nazi Germany.
Conduction WWIITotal war. Gov’t used political propaganda, art, media, nationalism, mobilized populations, purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize their state’s resources for war, repressed basic freedoms. New military technology including atomic bomb, fire-bombing, more wartime casualties. Western democracies like Churchill in GB, and Roosevelt in US mobilized for war. Hitler and Stalin mobilized war.
Mass Atrocities After 1900Rise of extremist groups let to attempted destruction of specific populations. Holocaust. Armenians to the Ottoman Empire. Tutsi in Rwanda.
Causation in Global ConflictWest domination, old states fell.
Setting the Stage for the Cold War and DecolonizationAfter World War II, there was increasing anti-imperialist sentiment that eventually actually became successful, unlike after WWI, which led to the dissolution of empires and creating new states. Technological and economic gains learnt during WWII shifted global balance of power (nuclear).
The Cold WarGlobal balance of political/economic power evolved into the Cold War. US democracy vs Communist Society union, was an ideological conflict. Groups opposed picking a side of the superpowers and promoted alternatives to the norms (non-aligned movement). Sukarno in Indonesia, Kwame in Ghana. Nasser in Egypt.
Effects of the Cold WarNew military alliances (Nato for democracy) and Warsaw pact (SU and its satellite countries). More Nuclear proliferation. Propaganda. Proxy wars, Korean War, Nicaragua conflict, angolan civil war.
Spread of Communism After 1900Communism took over in China after internal and external (Japanese aggression) factors. Government controlled national economy through Great Leap Forward, policies were repressive, lots of negative repercussions for the population. Lots of land and resources redistribution happened in Africa, Asia and LA, sometimes advocating communism or socialism. Communist revolution for Vietnam independence. Land reform in Kerala.
Decolonization After 1900Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa sought for independence from imperial rule. Like the Indian National Congress. Ho Chi Minh in French Vietnam. Kwame in Britain Ghana. Nasser in Egypt. Some colonies negotiated their independence, others through arm struggle. India, Ghana, and French west africa negotiated. Algeria, Vietnam, Angola fought for independence. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule like the Muslim league in British India.
Newly Independent StatesRedrawing of political boundaries after withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. Like Isreal and Pakistan. This redrawing of boundries sometimes led to conflict and population resettlement. Boundaries dispute happened in Africa. Partition of India, muslims leaving to Pakistan, Indians coming back to India. Also arabs leaving Israel after a mass migration of jews moved to isreal. Governments had strong presence in guiding economic life in the new independent states, like Nasser and Gandhi. A tie between the colony and the metropole (the former colonizing country) stayed when migration of former colonial subjects went to the metropole. Like south asians moving to Britain and Algerians going to France and Filipinos going to the US.
Global Resistance to Established Order After 1900There were a lot of movements to remain peace after all the conflict that happened in the world wars. However, there were some groups that intensified the conflicts like Spain under Francisco Franco and the buildup of the military-industrial complex and weapons trading. Individuals challenged the violence and war like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, and Nelson Mandela. They practiced non-violent civil disobedience, still trying to bring political change, but in a more peaceful way. Some movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims—Al Qaeda.
End of the Cold WarUS racked up their military and technological developments (Ronald Reagan), Soviet union failed to invade afghanastan, public discontent, economic weakness in communist countries, led to end of Cold war and collapse of Soviet Union. Berlin Wall being broken down symbolized that. Dropping oil prices also hurt the SU
Causation in the Age of the Cold War and DecolonizationPeople challenged existing political and social order leading to worldwide shifts. Decolonization, Anti-imperial sentiment, non-aligned movement. Cold war was an ideological war having economic, political, and social effects on el mundo. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenged in the 20th century.
Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900. Communication tech: radio, cellular, internet. Transportation: air travel, shipping containers. Reduced problem of global distance. Petroleum and nuclear power raised productivity. Birth control —> less fertility rates.Green revolution sustained earth’s growing population. More GMO’s, chemical forms of agriculture. Vaccines, Antibiotics —> longer lives
Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: DiseaseDiseases spread faster with a more connected world, and are associated with poverty, like Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Cholera. More close proximity, no proper/clean water, don’t have proper medical equipmentOutbreaks like influenza, Ebola, HIV/IADs were epidemics. Some are associated with old age, more of a first world problem, like heart disease and Alzheimer’s.
Technological Advances: Debates about the environmentHuman’s caused deforestation, desertification, air pollution, global warming, less fresh water. Greenhouse gases into atmosphere caused debates about climate changeHumans competed over the decreasing resources. Urbanization, industrialization is decreasing this. Developed countries use the most fossil fuels.
Economics in the Global AgeAfter cold war, many gov’ts encouraged more capitalist, free-market economic policies, more economic liberalization (less gov’t restrictions). Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Deng Xiapong all E.L. Regional trade agreements and Trading Blocs like World Trade Organization, NAFTA, ASEAN, reduced tariffs, more free trade. Knowledge economies (silicon valley stuff) situatied like Finlands cellphones, Japan, US. Manufacturing economies moved to Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, LA. Multinational corporations came to be where consumers are global (Nestlé, Coke). Basically free-market economies was spreading everywhere, very capitalist principles…
Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900Race, class, gender, and religion challenges. UN universal declaration of Human rights (protect women, refugees, children). Liberation Theology in America (the poor). Global Feminism movement. Women’s right to vote. More women education. Civil right act, end of apartheid, caste system in India, more rights for untouchables. Education was becoming more inclusive for all races, classes, genders, and religions. Movements protested inequality of environmental/economic consequences of global integration. Greenpeace movement. Wangari Maathai’s Green belt movement in Kenya. Economic movements: World Fair Trade Organization.
Globalized Culture After 1900Changes in arts, popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment, and popular culture reflected the influence of a globalized society. Global culture examples: Bollywood, Reggae, Facebook, BBC, World Cup, Olympics. Consumer culture transcended national borders, like Ebay, Toyota, Coco-cola, online commerce.
Resistance to Globalization After 1900Some resistance to economic/cultural globalization like the Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism. Brexit. China’s great firewall, censoring social media platforms for information like Tiennamen Square.
Institutions Developing in a Globalized World After all the WWII drama, UN, and new international organizations formed with the goal to maintain world peace and international cooperation.
Continuity and Change in a Globalized World Science and Technology brought a huge change from 1900 to the present. Rapid knowledge in science & tech led to advances in tech. New Environmental problems, and responses. Economics boosted, more globally connected. More rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. More rights, education, accessibility to the oppressed. More global arts, entertainment, and culture. Consumer culture expanded.
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