Comprehensive Analysis of Human Mineral Metabolism

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms related to calcium, its metabolism, regulation, and physiological importance.

Calcium

Most abundant mineral in the human body, essential for structural integrity and metabolic signaling.

Calcium Hydroxyapatite

The storage form of calcium, Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2, found in bones and teeth.

Bottleneck

A situation where the absorption of dietary calcium is limited due to formation of insoluble complexes.

Active Transport

Mechanism of calcium absorption requiring energy (ATP) and involving carrier proteins.

Passive Paracellular Diffusion

Movement of calcium between enterocytes without energy requirement.

Calcitriol

Active form of Vitamin D that enhances calcium absorption in the intestines.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining stable internal conditions, such as serum calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and reducing renal excretion.

Calcitonin

Hormone that lowers serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting renal excretion.

Tetany

A condition of muscle spasms and cramps due to low calcium levels.

Calcium-Alkali Syndrome

Condition caused by excessive calcium intake leading to metabolic alkalosis and calcification of soft tissues.

Insoluble Soaps

Compounds formed when calcium binds to unabsorbed fatty acids, reducing fat absorption and causing hyperoxaluria.

Calcium Bioavailability

The proportion of dietary calcium that is absorbed and utilized by the body.

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Gold standard method for assessing bone mineral density and calcium status.

Hyperoxaluria

Excessive urinary oxalate secretion, often linked to calcium-fatty acid interactions.

Nutrient Interaction

The way different nutrients affect each other's absorption and utilization, such as calcium and phosphorus.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Calcium

1,000 mg per day for adults 19-50 years, and 1,200 mg for women over 50 and men over 70.