ANSC 221 exam 2 2nd set flashcards

Proventriculus (birds)

Corresponds to the pig’s stomach, glandular stomach that secretes enzymes

Split upper lip (sheep)

Allows grazing closer to the ground than other animals

VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids)

Primary energy source for ruminants, produced during microbial fermentation

UIP (Undegradable Intake Protein)

Feed fraction where amino acid balance matters for ruminants

NPN (Non-Protein Nitrogen)

Nitrogen source usable by ruminants, not dependent on amino acid balance

TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

Carbohydrate-based energy index used to estimate feed energy

Net Energy (NE)

Energy value that best represents what an animal can actually use

ME (Metabolizable Energy)

Energy value preferred for birds, accounts for urinary and gas losses

Aflatoxin

Carcinogenic and deadly mycotoxin

Deoxynivalenol (DON)

Mycotoxin that causes feed refusal, especially in pigs

Zearalenone

Estrogenic mycotoxin, causes reproductive issues

Fumonisin

Mycotoxin that is toxic to horses

Ergot & Ergotamine

Mycotoxins that can cause hallucinations and dry gangrene

Aflatoxin source

Produced by Aspergillus flavus

Deoxynivalenol source

Produced by Fusarium roseum

Zearalenone source

Produced by Fusarium roseum

Fumonisin source

Produced by Fusarium moniliforme

Ergot & Ergotamine source

Associated with rye

Rye

Contains tannins, reduces bird feed efficiency

Rapeseed

Contains erucic acid and myrosinase, can form goitrogens

Canola

Improved version of rapeseed, lower levels of toxic compounds

Apparent N Digestibility

(N intake − N feces) divided by N intake, multiplied by 100

Apparent Biological Value

(N intake − N feces − N urine) divided by (N intake − N feces), multiplied by 100

True Biological Value

Requires accounting for metabolic losses like metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN)

Test weight of grain

Lower test weight has little effect on performance if animals can eat enough

Dicalcium phosphate

Feed additive used to supplement phosphorus in livestock diets

Antibiotic inclusion

If source contains 20 g/lb and diet needs 100 g/ton, use 5 lbs per ton