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Common Acids
Hydrochloric Acid - Stomach Acid (Strong)
Sulfuric Acid - In car batteries (strong)
Ethanoic Acid - Batteries, fertilizers (strong)
Carbonic Acid - Carbonated Drinks (weak)
Phosphoric Acid - Fertilizers, drinks (weak)
Citric Acid - In citrus fruits (weak)
Ascorbic Acid - In citrus fruits (weak)
Common Bases
Sodium hydroxide - Oven cleaners (strong)
Ammonia - Fertilisers, explosives (weak)
Calcium hyrdoxide - Cement and mortar (strong)
Magnesium Hydroxide - For acid reflux (strong)
Sodium hydroxide - Powder, glass (strong)
Alkalis
Soluble/aqueous bases
Properties Of Acids
Turns litmus paper red
Tend to be corrosive
Taste Sour
Reacts With Bases
Solutions have low pH
Solution conducts an electrical current
Properties Of Bases
Turns litmus paper blue
Caustic, Slippery
Taste bitter
Reacts with acids
Solutions have pH
Solution conducts electrical current
Litmus Test
Robert Boyle deduced acids based on:
Taste
Action as solvents
How they change the color of vegetable extracts
Soluble bases (alkalis) could reverse the effect of acids
Antoine Lavoisier’s Suggestion
Acid properties due to Prescence of oxygen
Sir Humphrey David’s Discovery
Acidic properties are associated with hydrogen
Bronsted-Lowry Theory Of Acids and Bases
When substance donates (H+) proton - acid
When substance receives (H+) proton - base
Conjugate Acid Pairs
Amphiprotic Substances
Substance can receive or donate an electron - must have at least on hydrogen proton
Monoprotic Substances
Can have only one hydrogen that can be donated (eg.HCI or H20)
Polyprotic Acids
Acids that can donate more than one hydrogen atom
Don’t donate all protons at once
Donate protons in steps
Ionization Energy Across Steps
Harder to loose hydrogen protons as steps increase, due to the increase of electrostatic attraction.
Triprotic Acids
Have 3 protons that can be donated (done in three steps)
Diprotic Acids
Have 2 protons (done through 2 steps)