Chapter 11 - Acid & Base Reactions In Water

Common Acids

Hydrochloric Acid - Stomach Acid (Strong)

Sulfuric Acid - In car batteries (strong)

Ethanoic Acid - Batteries, fertilizers (strong)

Carbonic Acid - Carbonated Drinks (weak)

Phosphoric Acid - Fertilizers, drinks (weak)

Citric Acid - In citrus fruits (weak)

Ascorbic Acid - In citrus fruits (weak)

Common Bases

Sodium hydroxide - Oven cleaners (strong)

Ammonia - Fertilisers, explosives (weak)

Calcium hyrdoxide - Cement and mortar (strong)

Magnesium Hydroxide - For acid reflux (strong)

Sodium hydroxide - Powder, glass (strong)

Alkalis

Soluble/aqueous bases

Properties Of Acids

Turns litmus paper red

Tend to be corrosive

Taste Sour

Reacts With Bases

Solutions have low pH

Solution conducts an electrical current

Properties Of Bases

Turns litmus paper blue

Caustic, Slippery

Taste bitter

Reacts with acids

Solutions have pH

Solution conducts electrical current

Litmus Test

Robert Boyle deduced acids based on:

Taste

Action as solvents

How they change the color of vegetable extracts

Soluble bases (alkalis) could reverse the effect of acids

Antoine Lavoisier’s Suggestion

Acid properties due to Prescence of oxygen

Sir Humphrey David’s Discovery

Acidic properties are associated with hydrogen

Bronsted-Lowry Theory Of Acids and Bases

When substance donates (H⁺) proton - acid

When substance receives (H⁺) proton - base

Conjugate Acid Pairs

Amphiprotic Substances

Substance can receive or donate an electron - must have at least on hydrogen proton

Monoprotic Substances

Can have only one hydrogen that can be donated (eg.HCI or H₂0)

Polyprotic Acids

Acids that can donate more than one hydrogen atom

Don’t donate all protons at once

Donate protons in steps

Ionization Energy Across Steps

Harder to loose hydrogen protons as steps increase, due to the increase of electrostatic attraction.

Triprotic Acids

Have 3 protons that can be donated (done in three steps)

Diprotic Acids

Have 2 protons (done through 2 steps)