pharmacology final exam

1. This is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system:

acetylcholine

2. Epinephrine binds to beta 1 receptors in the heart. It has a positive inotropic effect.

True

3. Epinephrine is used to treat asystole.

True

4. Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction.

True

5. These are parasympathetic receptors that respond to acetylcholine.

muscarinic

6. These sympathetic receptors are found primarily in the heart.

Beta 1

7. These sympathetic receptors are found primarily in the heart.

Renin

8. This substance is produced by the liver. It is neutral and must be activated.

Renin

9. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to make angiotensin I.

True

10. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin ii when it comes into contact with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.

True

11. Angiotensin converting enzyme comes primarily from the

Lungs

12. This active substance causes vasoconstriction. It also causes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands.

angiotensin II

13. Aldosterone causes the reabsorption of both water and salt.

True

14. Angiotensin II stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone, causing the reabsorption of water.

True

15. These medications compete with catecholamines to bind to adrenergic receptors in the heart and vasculature.

Beta blockers

16. Beta blockers are a first-line treatment for myocardial ischemia.

True

17. Describe how beta-blockers help relieve ischemia.

By slowing heart rate, reduce contraction force, and lower blood pressure which decreases the hearts oxygen demand

18. Non-selective beta blockers can cause bronchoconstriction.

True

19. Metoprolol is a non-selective beta blocker.

False

20. Selective beta blockers affect beta 1 receptors, causing direct focus of the drug's action on the heart.

True

21. Beta blockers may be used to treat heart failure.

True

22. Beta blockers are known to raise blood pressure.

False

23. These calcium channel blockers work on the heart directly.

non-dihydropyridines

24. Diltiazem directly affects contractility and heart rate.

True

25. Calcium channel blockers work on L-type calcium channels.

True

26. Calcium channel blockers are associated with more deaths than beta blockers.

True

27. Calcium channel blockers have a positive inotropic effect on the heart,

False

28. Amlodipine is often used to treat high blood pressure.

True

29. Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine, often used for arrhythmias.

True

30. Describe the role of calcium in cardiomyocyte function.

It triggers muscle fiber and then is pumps back out so the cells can relax

31. Calcium channel blockers are contraindicated in heart failure with reduced EF.

Statement is true

32. Fast-acting nitrates are a first-line treatment for acute angina.

True

33. These medications are metabolized into nitric oxide, a vasodilator.

Nitrates

34. This natural vasodilator is made by endothelial cells.

nitric oxide

35. This condition is caused by a lack of blood flow to the myocardium. It is not permanent damage.

ischemia

36. Nitroglycerin is not appropriate for acute-onset angina pain.

False

37. For chronic angina, long-acting nitrates may be used as a prophylaxis.

True

38. Atherosclerosis can interfere with the natural production of nitric oxide.

False

39. Nitroglycerin is an effective vasodilator even in the presence of atherosclerosis.

True

40. Describe how nitroglycerin alleviates angina pain.

By dilating blood vessels and improving oxygen supply to the heart

41. This condition is defined as the heart's inability to keep up with the metabolic demands of the body.

Heart failure

42. Most heart failure cases are characterized by a volume overload.

True

43. These diuretics work on the Loop of Henle.

loop diuretics

44. Lasix and Bumex are thiazide diuretics.

False

45. This class of diuretics includes Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide.

Thiazide diuretics

46. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic.

True

47. Patients with this hemodynamic profile are at the highest risk.

Wet and cold

48. Loop diuretics are the strongest class of diuretics.

True

49. Diuretics are classified by their action site.

True

50. Diuretics remove excess fluid and reduce cardiac output

True

51. Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.

True

52. ACE inhibitors can be prescribed for high blood pressure treatment.

True

53. ACE inhibitors work by preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

True

54. ACE inhibitors should not be combined with potassium-sparing diuretics.

True

55. What are the three types of acute coronary syndromes?

UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI

56. How does aspirin work? What is the role of aspirin in PCI?

Stops platelets from clumping together and in PCI it is given to prevent new clots from forming

57. What is the definition of a loading dose?

A large first dose given to quickly raise its level in the blood to the target

58. This drug is an adenosine diphosphate inhibitor. It is commonly used in PCI for its anti-platelet actions.

clopidogrel (plavix)

59. This is the common loading dose range for Plavix.

300-600 mg

60. Loading doses for aspirin may range from 81-325 mg, depending on whether the patient had aspirin previously.

True

61. Aspirin should be administered asap in chest pain cases.

True

62. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant produced by the liver.

True

63. Unfractionated heparin requires careful monitoring.

True

64. Which test is used to measure Heparin concentration?

ACT

65. Which condition can be acused by heparin?

Thrombocytopenia

66. Which of these drugs binds heparin?

protamine

67. This drug is made of fragments of unfractionated heparin.

low molecular weight heparin

68. Low molecular weight heparin is less likely to cause thrombocytopenia.

True

69. This arrhythmia is characterized by a sawtooth appearance on the EKG.

Atrial flutter

70. Atrial fibrillation is a thrombosis risk.

True

71. Class I antiarrhythmia drugs are sodium channel blockers.

True

72. Lidocaine is a sodium channel blocker commonly used in PCI.

True

73. Beta blockers are never used to treat arrhythmias.

False

74. Amiodarone is contraindicated for V-tach and V-fib.

False

75. Amiodarone works on potassium, calcium and sodium channles.

True

76. This drug is a naturally occurring nucleoside that can inhibit AV firing aand prolong the refractory period.

adenosine

77. This dietary mineral can be sued to treat Torsades de Pointes.

magnesium sulfate

78. After assessing the patient, what is the first step in BLS or ACLS?

Activate emergency response system

79. ACLS providers should defibrillate the patient based en their expert opinions:

False

80. Why is clesed leep communication important in ACLS? Give an example.

It makes sure instructions are heard and understand so that the team in on the same page and an example of this os yelling clear when shock is advise

81. The EKG shows the patient is in asystole. What should responders do?

administer epinephrine and continue CPR

82. Amiodarone may be given for pulseless V-tach that is unresponsive to shock.

True

83. ST elevation on an affected lead would show as ST depression on a reciprocal lead.

True

84. Contiguous leads look at opposite areas of the heart.

False