mbio 1220 chemical principles, lecture 2

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43 Terms

1

cations

atoms carrying a positive charge

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2

anions

atoms carrying a negative charge

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3

three types of chemical bonds found in living systems

covalent

ionic

hydrogen

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4

covalent bonds

  • very strong bonds

  • formed when two atoms come together and share electrons within their outer shell

  • water is formed as a result of covalent bonds between H and O

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5

ionic bonds

  • form as a result of the attractive force between ions of opposite charge (cation or ion)

  • weaker than covalent bonds

  • attractive force holds the two atoms together in the bond

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6

example of ionic bonds

NaCl

  • Na requires the loss of an electron to achieve stability and Cl requires and electron to achieve stability

  • Cl received electron from Na rather than sharing

  • Cl- and Na+

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7

Hydrogen bonds

  • hydrogen covalently bound to oxygen or another electron loving molecule such as nitrogen

  • atom bound to hydrogen is ‘electron loving’ so it holds the shared electrons closer to its nucleus than hydrogen

  • UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS ARE POLAR MOLECULES

  • partial positive on hydrogen, partial negative on electron loving atom

  • weakest of the bonds

  • result in networks of molecules of different molecules

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8

H:C

carbon is not more electron loving than hydrogen, electrons shared equally between two atoms.

non-polar covalent bonds

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9

δ+ H—-:O δ-

oxygen more electron loving than hydrogen, electrons not being shared equally. held more closely to the oxygen atom

polar covalent bond

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10

organisms require a wide variety of __________ in order to live and reproduce

inorganic compounds

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11

whats the most important inorganic molecule found in living systems?

water H2O

  • 75% of cell weight

  • water is used to dissolve materials, it is a solvent.

  • because electrons are not shared equally it is POLAR SOLVENT

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12

3 exceptions to inorganic molecules

carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide

carboxylic acid

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13

why is water an excellent solvent?

  • dissolve many ionic compounds like NaCl

  • ions Na+, Cl- remain dissolved in the water and from a solution

  • solution forms due to partial positive regions within the water molecules surround the negative ions cl-. partial negative regions within the water molecule surround the positive ions na+ holding them in solution

  • forms sodium chloride crystal

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14

how to break down a sodium chloride crystal?

adding heat

mechanically break it apart

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15

water molecule can from four hydrogen bonds with other molecules

  • hydrogen bonds allow water to from networks of interconnected water molecules which gives water a very high BP

  • high BP 100 degrees C keeps water in liquid state in most places on Earth

  • solid, 4 H bonds (freezing/melting) liquid, 3.4 H bonds (boiling/evaporating) gas

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16

why is water a great temperature buffer?

because of its strong hydrogen bonds

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17

water can easily split into its component ions ____

H+ and OH-

  • plays key role in many chemical rxns

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18

four major classes or organic compounds found in living things

  1. carbohydrates

  2. proteins

  3. lipids

  4. nucleic acids

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19

carbohydrates

  • energy source immediately utilizable by cells

  • polar covalent compounds - dissolve easily in water (only if they are small enough)

  • contain the elements C, H, O (CnH2nOn)

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20

three major groups of carbohydrates

  1. monosaccharides

  2. disaccharides

  3. polysaccharides

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21

monosaccharides

  • one sugar

  • glucose, fructose

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disaccharide

  • two monosaccharides form a disaccharide

  • glucose + fructose = sucrose

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polysaccharides

  • hundreds of monosaccharides come together

  • often too large to be water soluble

  • starch, cellulose (plants use to cage themselves, dietary fiber — clears u out)

glycogen is a storage method

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24

lipids

  • fats, complex lipids (phospholipids), and steroids

  • essential to the structure and function of membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

  • used as means of energy storage

  • molecules are non-polar therefore don’t interact well with water HYDROPHOBIC

  • fat stores 2x more energy than sugar, we store as fat because its better for us but we still store some as sugar i.e in liver

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25

lipids - Fats

  • composed of a glycerol molecule plus one to three fatty acids

    1. monoglycerides

    2. diglycerides

    3. triglycerides (stored in adipose tissue)

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26

lipids - fatty acids

  • saturated or unsaturated

  • complex lipids include phospholipid which are found in the membrane of living cells — primary component of prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membrane

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saturates fatty acid

no double bonds

saturated with H atoms

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28

unsaturated fatty acids

has at least one double bonds

fewer H atoms

less saturated because double bond takes space for a H

more fluid at given temp.

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29

heavy group placements

cis - both on same side

trans - on opposite sides (favourable)

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30

steroids

structurally distinct from other lipids

  • four ring structure

  • found mainly in eukaryotes

  • ex. cholesterol and vitamin D

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31

proteins

composed of individual units of amino acids

  • individual AA are joined by peptide bonds which are covalent bonds

  • AA sequence important for determining shape of protein

  • proteins required in all aspects of cell structure and function — membrane channels

  • ex. hair — different textures come from AA

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32

amino acids

  • all amino acids and thus proteins are composed of C, O, H, N (some have S)

  • 20 known

  • side group -r determines chemical properties of AA

  • NH2 and COOCH (n and c terminus)

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peptide

short chain of amino acids

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polypeptide

long chain of amino acids

(proteins)

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35

enzyme

increase the rate of chemical reactions that occur within the cell

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36

nucleic acids

  • made of nucleotides

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37

each nucleotide has three components

  1. nitrogenous base

  2. pentose sugar

  3. phosphate group

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38
  1. nitrogenous base

  • purines: contain 2 rings

    • two types: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

silver is very pure and makes nice rings Ag double rings

  • pyrimidines: contain 1 ring

    • three types: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) DNA option, Uracil (U) RNA option

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  1. pentose sugar

  • five carbon sugar

  • two types: ribose and deoxyribose

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40
  1. phosphate group

phosphate group is attached to the nucleotide and serves as the site of attachment for the next nucleotide

enzyme specificity

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41

two types of nucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and ribonucleic acid RNA

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42

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

always the genome

  • composed of deoxyribose sugar

  • double stranded, each strand held by h-bonds (virus can be single stranded)

  • DNA is what genes composed of

    • “recipe book“

  • order of nucleotide sequence is very specific and forming the genetic instructors for the organisms

  • made of nucleotides A, C, T, G

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

  • composed of ribose sugar

  • single stranded (virus can have double stranded RNA)

  • involved in communicating the instructions of DNA

  • made of nucleotides A, C, U,G

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