Sexual reproduction in the flowering plant

Label This Diagram

The Structure of the plant

Differentiate between Stamen and Carpel

Stamen - male

Carpel - female

Define the function of the Filament

Allows pollinating agent to capture pollen

Define the function of the Anther

Produces pollen through meiosis

Define the function of the Stigma

Captures pollen

Define the function of the Style

Passage from stigma to ovary

Define the function of the Ovary

Produces the ovule

Define the function of the Sepal

Protects flower bud

Define the function of the Petal

Attracts pollinators

Explain the formation of the female gamete • 1

• Megaspore in ovule divides by meiosis

• Produces 4 haploid cells

Explain the formation of the female gamete • 2

• Three haploid cells die

• Embryo sac remains

Explain the formation of the female gamete • 3

• Embryo sac divides by mitosis

• Produces 8 haploid cells

Explain the formation of the female gamete • 4

• Polar nuclei and egg are formed

Explain the formation of the male gamete • 1

• Microspore in anther divides by meiosis

• Produces tetrad

Explain the formation of the male gamete • 2

• Tetrad breaks up

• Forms separate pollen grains

Explain the formation of the male gamete • 3

• Pollen grains divide by mitosis

• Produced 2 haploid cells

Explain the formation of the male gamete • 4

Pollen grain enters the style

Define Pollination

Transfer of pollen from an another to a stigma from the same flower species

List out the types of pollination

• Self pollination

• Cross pollination

Define Self pollination

Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

Define an advanatge of self pollination

Guarantees reproduction

Define a disadvantage of self pollination

Lack of variation

Define Cross Pollination

Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant of the same species

Define an advantage of Cross Pollination

Variation

Define a disadvantage of Cross pollination

Requires pollinating agent

List out the types of pollination agents

• Wind Pollination

• Animal pollination

Explain seed formation

• Ovule develops into seed

• Growth regulators form seedless fruit

• Seeds are transported

Label This Diagram

Seed Structure

Define the function of the Testa

Protects embryo

Define the function of the Plumule

Develops into the shoot

Define the function of the radicle

Develops into the root

Define the function of the Cotyledon

Food storage

Define the function of the Embryo

Develops into a new plant

Explain seed growth • 1

• Water softens testa

• Seed absorbs water and enzymes activate

Explain seed growth • 2

• Stored foods digested by embryo

• Radical and plumule are formed

Explain seed growth • 3

• Radicle grows out of testa

• Plumule emerges and leaves form

What tissue develops fruit?

Ovary tissue

What triggers fruit formation?

Auxins

Why is dispersal important?

Prevents competition

Define False / Seedless Fruits

Fruits that dont develop from the ovary

Name an example of a False / Seedless fruit

Apples that develop from the flower

How are false / seedless fruits developed?

Genetic engineering

Define Dormancy

Resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced metabolism

State 2 advantages to dormancy

• Reduced competition

• Survival germination delayed

State 2 reasons why dormancy useful to gardeners

• Maximise growing season

• Optimum storage

Define Germination

Regrowth of the embryo after a period of dormancy

State the 3 conditions required for germination

• Water

• Suitable Temperature

• Oxygen

Explain germination • 1

• Seed absorbs water and enzymes activate

• Respiration makes energy

Explain Germination • 2

• Dry mass of seed decreases

• Mass of seedling increases

Explain Germination • 3

• Radicle and plumule appear

• Photosynthesis occurs

Define Fertilisation

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

Explain fertilisation • 1

• Pollen lands on stigma

• Pollen tube forms

Explain fertilisation • 2

• Nucleus divides by mitosis

• Forms 2 male gametes

Explain fertilisation • 3

• Double fertilisation occurs

• Sperm and endosperm are formed

Differentiate between Endosperm and non endosperm seeds

Endosperm - Contains endosperm

Non Endosperm - No endosperm

Define the function of dicot seeds

Store food in the cotyledon

Define the function of Monocot seeds

Store food in the endosperm

Name the biomolecules stored by monocot and dicot seeds

• Fats

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Vitamins

Define the function of digestion

Food is broken down by enzymes to soluble absorbable subunits

Define the function of respiration

Energy for growth

Label This Graph

Changes in dry weight of seeds during germination