Unit 5: Agriculture

agriculture

modifying the environment to raise plants or animals for food or other uses

mediterranean climate

hot/dry summers, mild winters, rainy season

tropical climate

hot, humid

extensive agriculture

uses small amounts of labor on a large piece of land

shifting cultivation

area is farmed, abandoned, then farmed again

subsistence

slash and burn

grows crop, cuts and burns remains, then uses ash for nutrients

subsistence

ranching

stay put while livestock grazes

commercial

nomadic herding

follow animals seasonally and use them for survival

subsistence

intensive agriculture

uses lots of labor on a small area of land

market gardening

farmers grow crops and take them to a local market

small-scale

plantation agriculture

use cheap labor on a large area to grow crops for export

cotton, sugar, coffee, tea

clustered settlement pattern

houses are close to each others’ fields and surround the settlement

dispersed settlement pattern

people live far from each other

linear settlement pattern

long, narrow settlement around a body of water that’s shaped as a line

long lot settlement pattern

used by french

long, narrow plots perpendicular to a long body of water

metes and bounds

plots of land determined by natural things

surveying

examining and measuring surface

township and range

system of dividing large plots based on how far north or south the center point is

fertile crescent

crescent-shaped area in southwest asia where settled farming began to emerge

columbian exchange

exchange of animals, plants, culture, etc. that began with columbus exploring america

between america and afro-eurasian hemispheres

first agricultural revolution/neolithic revolution

humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer entirely relied on hunting and gathering

primary effects of first agricultural revolution

urbanization

social stratification (separated by class)

occupational specialization (farmers, merchants)

increased population densities

secondary effects of first agricultural revolution

endemic diseases

famine (reliance on others for food)

expansionism

second agricultural revolution

new tech such as internal combustion engines due to industrial revolution that allowed people to get industrial jobs

effects of second agricultural revolution

better diets (nutrients)

longer, healthier lives-most impactful

more labor available for factories

small scale farming becomes less popular

food becomes cheaper

large produce dominates market

green revolution/third agricultural revolution

application of science and technology to make high-yielding varieties of crops

led by norman burlaug

positives of green revolution

able to grow more crops on same amount of land

more access to food in impoverished areas

negatives of green revolution

destroys local land

decreases biodiversity

little understanding of toxic fertilizers/chemicals

high dependence on tech and machinery

gene revolution/third agricultural revolution

genetic modification through biotechnology is highly implemented

subsistence agriculture

growing enough for your family

commercial agriculture

farming to make a profit

monoculture

growing one type of crop

mono-cropping

growing one type of crop year after year

seen in plantations

ethical issues of third agricultural revolution

extra food led to overcrowding

life expectancy increased (hard on infrastructure)

dependency on mdcs increased

small farmers become unemployed

ldcs can’t compete on open market

bid-rent theory

price and demand for real estate changes as distance from central business district increases

commodity chain

activities involved in the creation of a product

agribusiness

links various industries to big farms under a large corporation

commercial

economies of scale

cost advantages of producing a large amount of an item

von thunen model

explains rural land use with importance of transportation costs associated with distance from market

von thunen model rings

center-city

1-dairy and gardening

2-forests (used for fuel)

3-extensive agriculture (grains, field crops)

4-livestock and ranching

global supply chain

worldwide network to maximize profits in production

export-commodity

goods sent from one country to another for sale

land cover change

agricultural areas are lost due to development

salinizaion

land becomes too salty due to overuse

irrigation

moving water to where you need it

terrace farming

growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by placing steps

deforestation

clearing land

desertification

land becomes less nutrient rich and dry

agricultural biotechnology

using scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals

aquaculture

raising fish and shellfish in controlled saltwater hatcheries

value added foods

foods that have increased in value due to alterations

urban farming

integrating growing crops and raising animals through vertical farming where farms are built up

six assumptions of von thunen model

only one market available (city)

all farmers are market oriented

physical environment is uniform

all points at equal distances

all farmers act to maximize profits

dietary preferences are those of germanic europeans