Conflict and tension

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid war

Anschluss

Forbidden Austria and Germany to unite

Diktat

Dictated peace

When was the armistice signed?

November 11, 1918

What did the armistice do?

An agreements to stop fighting and end the war

How harsh and what did Lloyd George (BRITAIN) want the ToV?

He knew there would be compromise, thus he occupied the middle ground between the views of Wilson and Clemenceau. He knew that if the treaty was too strict then war may happen in the future.

Britain wanted:

• Reduced German Navy

• Leave Germany strong enough to trade

• "make Germany pay"

How harsh and what did Clemenceau (FRANCE) want the ToV?

Get revenge on Germany for what she did to France since she was closest and suffered the most physical and mental damage.

France wanted

• Punish Germany

• 'Make Germany pay'

• 'Teach Germany a lesson'

• Disband German army

• Huge reparations

• DMZ Rhineland (independent)

How harsh and what did Wilson (USA) want the ToV?

Wilson didn't want the ToV to be harsh on Germany.

USA wanted

• LoN to be formed to settle dispute peacefully

• Ensure Germany was not destroyed

• Not to blame Germany for the war

What did Lloyd George get from the treaty?

• German colonies

• A small navy

• Reparations

What did Clemenceau want and get from the treaty?

• Germany punished harshly but he felt it was not harsh enough

• Harsh reparations

• Land

• Disarmament

What did Wilson get from the treaty?

• A League of Nations including some of his 14 Points (he was not very happy as he thought it would have more)

What did Lloyd George think of the treaty?

He and the people back at home thought the treaty was fair but could have been harsher but as the years passed, people thought the treaty was too harsh.

What did Clemenceau think of the treaty?

It was not strict or harsh enough.

What did Wilson think of the treaty?

It was too harsh and would lead to conflict and tension in the future.

BLAME: War Guilt Clause (Article 231)

Germany had to take full responsibility for the loss and damage caused by WWI

REPARATIONS

ToV states that Germany had to pay £6.6billion to the allies for damage caused

ARMY

Germanys army was limited to 100,000 men, 15,000 men in the navy, 6 battleships and no airforce. She also had to DMZ the Rhineland

TERRITORY

Germany had industrial areas such as the Saar Coalfields given to France to control under LoN, Alsace-Lorraine was given to France and Danzig became a free country.

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

June 28, 1919

What was a problem with land given and countries formed with German land?

People came from different ethnic backgrounds and they were unhappy to find themselves in a new country.

What new countries were created after WWI?

Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

What were problems with small / new countries?

• Economically viable

• Vulnerable to attack

• Had ethnic tension

The Polish Corridor

It gave Poland access to the sea and a port as it was surrounded by hostile countries.

Treaty of Saint-Germain 1919

Treaty that formally ended the war with Austria.

• Land given to Italy and some new states

• Reparations had to be paid but the amount was never fixed

• Disarmament: 30,000 men and no navy or conscription and

• Anschluss

Treaty of Trianon 1920

• Hungary was forced to give land to the new states

• Pay reparations but the economy collapsed

• Conscription was not allowed

• Navy was limited to 3 patrol boats

Treaty of Nueilly 1919

• Bulgaria had to give land to new states

• Gained land from Turkey

• Army limited to 20,000 men and no conscription or air force was allowed

• Navy consisted of 4 torpedo boats

Treaty of Sèvres 1920

• The Turkish Empire was split up

• The allies took control of her finances

• Turkey lost all their land in Europe to Greece but a little bit.

• Army limited to 50,000

• Navy limited to 7 sailing boats and 6 torpedo boats.

• Allies could keep troops in Turkey

Treaty of Lausanne 1923

The Turkish people were angry about the Treaty of Sevres so they overthrew the government and threatened to go to war. The Allies didn't want to go to war. Turkey now had:

• Slightly larger army

• Some land from Greece back

• Allies had to withdraw troops.

Why was the ToV unfair?

• Countries competed to have the biggest army

• It was not just Germany's fault but they were forced to take all the blame

• Germany had no say in the treaty; it was a diktat.

Why was the ToV fair?

• Germany had caused lots of death and deverstation to France so it was only fair to punish them harshly

How did opinions about ToV change later on?

At the beginning people thought it was harsh but it could have been harsher. However, in the 1930s opinions changed. People thought the ToV was too harsh and it could lead to another war

Formation of the League of Nations

It was formed in 1920 as a part of Wilsons 14 Points in the ToV.

Covenant of the League of Nations

26 Articles that were rules for how it was to work and had to be followed by all members.

LoN Permanent Members

BRITAIN, FRANCE, Japan and Italy (left)

What were the LoN main aims?

• Stop future wars

• Improve living conditions and Welfare

• Disarmament of all countries

• Enforce the ToV

Article 10 LoN

Mutual protection of fellow members of the League of Nations

Why was the LoN peaceful?

It didn't have an army

Strengths of the LoN

• Mitigation (everyone had a say in decisions)

• Moral condemnation (public telling off making them feel guilt and shame)

• Economic sanctions (stop trade with aggressor)

• Military force (troops from members)

Weaknesses of the LoN

• Countries could ignore if they wanted

• Powerless without an army

• Unwilling to stop trade (lose money)

• Weakened: some countries didn't join

Members of the LoN

42 originally but increased in 1920s then fell in the 1930s. Important Powers such as the USA, Germany and the Soviet Union were missing

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

Germany was originally not allowed to join the LoN but she eventually joined in September 1926

Army of the LoN

Did not exist so relied of troops from members of it

Assembly

Met once a year to discuss problems which made it hard to deal with arising issues and a unanimous (all agree) vote was needed to pass a decision.

International Count of Justice

Made up of judges from different countries and settled disputes but it could only get involved if countries agreed to take their problems to the court.

Council

Made from the 4 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members who met up more times a year to discuss urgent matters. Permanent members had a veto (stop a decision even if the majorty voted for it).

Special Commissions

Groups to tackle issues, e.g, disarmament, slavery and refugees.

Secretariat

Administrators for the LoN

International Labour Organisation ILO

Improved working conditions of people around the world. In the 1920s death rate decreased from 50% to 4% in the Tanganyika Railway.

Slavery Commision

Worked to abolish slavery. 200,000 slaved in Sierra Leonne were freed by the League.

Commission for Refugees

Helped people who had been made homeless by war or had no safe place to live. Failed to help Jews flee Germany but helped free around 427,000 of 500,000 imprisoned soldiers at the end of WW1.

Health Organisation

Helped cure disease. They sent doctors to help in Turkish Refuge Camps.

Narcotics Board

Stopped trade of illegal drugs. Exposed 4 large companies for illegal drug trade but some countries in the League didn't want to stop as they made lots of money from it.

Organisation for Communications and Transport

Improved communication of countries by introducing shipping lanes and international highway codes.

Economic and Financial Committee

Improved living conditions. Sent advisers to Austria-Hungary to help them rebuild their economies when they went bankrupt in 1923.

Faliure or Success? Vilna 1920

FAILURE

Vilna was the capital of Lithuania but there were many Polish people living there so Poland wanted Vilna and invaded it. Lithuania asked the LoN for help and the League asked Poland to remove their troops but Poland ignored them and no further action was taken.

Faliure or Success? Aaland Islands

SUCCESS

The Aaland Islands were small islands between Sweden and Finland and both countries went to the League claiming ownership. Finland was given ownership of the islands as long as they were not used as a military base. Both countries agreed to the outcome.

Faliure or Success? Upper Silesia 1921-25

SUCCESS and FAILURE

Germany and Poland both wanted this piece of industrial land. A public vote was held between the people whether they wanted to be apart of Poland or Germnay. The League split Upper Silesia between Poland and Germnay, both countries complained about their land but both countries still accepted the League's decision despite it creating tension between both countries.

Faliure or Success? Corfu 1923

FAILURE

An Italian army officer was sent to access the situation between Greece and Albania's boarder. But he was murdered along with 4 others. Mussolini blamed the Greeks and demanded compensation but the Greeks denied it and said it could have been the Albanians. Italy invaded the Greek island of Corfu. Italy told the League to stay out and went to the Conference of Ambassadors instead. Despite Italy invading Greece, Greece had to apologise and pay compensation.

Faliure or Success? Ruhr 1923

FAILURE

Germany and Belgium marched into the Ruhr as Germany fell behind on reparations. France did not consult the League about this and made their own decision. The workers went on strike causing mass inflation.

Faliure or Success? Bulgaria 1925

SUCCESS and FAILURE

A Greek soldier crosses the Bulgarian boarder chasing after his dog but was shot by the Bulgarians. Greece declared war and invaded Bulgaria. The League ordered Greece to withdraw and offered no compensation but made them pay Bulgaria for invading. Greece withdrew their troops but accused the League of being hypocritical.

Why couldn't the League of Nations secure peace around the world?

Germany, USA and Russia were not members so arrangements involving them couldn't happen through the League. Britain and France took part in lots of other arrangements despite being apart of the League. Therefore, the Leagues international image was damaged.

Washington Naval Conference 1921-22

9 Nations were involved (including Britain, France, Italy and Japan - permanent members and USA) where they agreed on a maximum size for the navy and prevented another arms race. It was agreed without the LoN and showed that the first successful arms race didn't need the LoN, the USA could do it.

Locarno Treaties 1925

Between Germany and France (Britaina and Italy as guarantors) where Germany publically accepted the ToV, new western boarders and improved her relations with other nations. It also reassured France and Germany that they would not invade each other. The LoN was not involved but it should have been since Britaina and France were involved.

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

It included 65 nations such as Britain, France, Germany and the USA. They renounced (formally reject) the use of war as a way to solve disputes. It was agreed without the LoN as USA and Germany were not members; it began to show that the LoN was not the place for significant moves in new international relationships.

When did the Wall Street Crash occur?

October 1929

What happened as a result of the Wall Street Crash?

The USA recalled its loans to countries such as Germany, which led to more countries economies collapsing. Unemployment, homelessness and starvation spread around the world. As a result, poeple lost faith in their democratic government.

When did the NAZIs rise to power?

1933

What happened in Japan after the Wall Street Crash?

The army took over the government

When did Mussolini come to power?

1922

What did Mussolini do after the Wall Street crash?

He built overseas empires to distract people's attention away from difficulties faced

Who was in control of the Soviet Union throughout the Wall Street crash?

Stalin

Disarmament Conference of 1933

Germany walked out

Why were extremist parties popular in the 1930s?

• They offered a simple solution

• Everything was run by the state and problems bothering them would be delt with

• Promsied to take land by force

• They used war overseas to distract people from problems the government faced at home, and to restore national pride and gain support

• They found people to blame for their problems.

Problems the LoN had with dealing with extremist governments?

• The dictators didn't care about the public telling off or 'collective security'.

• The League couldn't do anything without its own army; it had to ask its members for troops to go to war but no one wnated to go to war after the depression.

• The League's economic sanctions were inefffective as no one wnated to stop trading because it would make their economy worse and create even more unemployment.

When did the Manchurian Crisis happen?

It started in September 1931

Causes of the Manchurian Crisis

Japan's economy was based on exporting silk to rich countries but when the Depression hit, demand plummeted. The USA put tariffs on goods from other countries. Japan had more unemployment. Manchuria was rich in good farmland and raw materials such as coal and iron ore, which could provide a market for Japanese goods. There was a history of confusion of who actuallt owned Manchuria. Japan had control of few factories, a railway and an army division stationed nearby.

What happened in the Manchurian Crisis?

Japan staged an explosion near the South Manchurian Railway, which they controlled, and blamed the Chinese. Japan then invaded Chinese territory in Manchuria - success. A puppet leader was put uncharge of the area and renamed it Manchukuo. China appealed to the LoN for help in 1932, but the League was reluctant to act as Japan was a leading member. Economic sanctions would be limited as Japan was far from Europe and traded silk with USA mainly. Military action was not supported due to the Great Depression There was confusion over what had happened and who was at fault. Lord Lytton was sent to investigate by the League; it took over a year to reach a decision and the invasion and occupation had already been completed. The League condemned the actions of Japan and asked them to withdraw. Japan ignored the League's orders and went to occupy more Chinese territory. In 1933, Japan left the LoN and went invaded Jehol. In 1937, Japan went on to invade the rest of China.

What did the Manchurian Crisis show about the League of Nations?

• It was the beginning of the end of the League

• One of its major members had ignored its orders

• The League was Bette when dealing with situations in Europe

• The League had failed to prevent aggression

Causes for the Abyssinian Crisis

Italy suffered during the Great Depression and had financial problems. In 1896, Italy had previously attempted to colonise Abyssinia but suffered a great defeat. Italy wanted revenge. Abyssinia was rich in natural resources that could be useful during the Great Depression. Mussolini had confidence that the LoN would not interfere and neither would Britain and France because they wanted to keep a good relationship after signing the Stresa Pact

Stresa Pact

• Signed in 1935

• Britain and France sought Italy's help to counterbalance Hitler in the Stresa Front

• Aimed to reaffirm the Locarno Treaties and make sure Germany couldn't change anymore terms of the ToV

When did the Abyssinian Crisis occur?

1935

What happened during the Abyssinian Crisis?

In December 1934, Italian and Abyssinian troops clashed at Walwal. France made a secret deal with Mussolini not to interfere. The Abyssinian Emperor appealed to the League for help in June 1935. In October 1935, Italian troops invaded Abyssinia. The Italians had modern weapons but the Abyssinians were ill-equipped. The League condemned Italian aggression and imposed economic sanctions, but it didn't include coal or oil so Mussolini was able to get them still and trade with non-League countries. Britain and France wanted to keep a good relationship with Mussolini so they didn't close the Suez Canal; if they did, it would have been difficult to move troops to and from Abyssinia. In December 1935, the British and French offered Italy most of Abyssinia but it had to be withdrawn as it was leaked to the public.

Hoare-Laval Pact

• December 1935

• Britain and France offer most of Abyssinia to Italy

What happened in March 1936?

Hitler marched into the Rhineland.

• France was worried about Hitler and feared Italy would ally with Germany if the League took anymore action

Abyssinian Crisis: May 1936

Italy captures Addis Ababa, the capital city

What happened to Italy in 1937?

Left the LoN

What did the Abyssinian Crisis prove about the LoN?

• If a strong nation was to ignore the League, it could do nothing

• The League's delay and slowness made it look scared

• Britain and France were not prepared to use force

• All 4 major powers disobeyed the League

What was the significance of Germany invading the Rhineland?

Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement, which encouraged Hitler to move ahead with his plans.

Why did the LoN fail?

• French and British self interest

• Absent Powers (USA, USSR and China)

• Ineffective Sanctions (moral condemnation)

• Lack of Armed Forces

• Unfair Treaty

• Reaching decisions slowly

• Economic depression

Hitler's Aims

• Unite all German speaking people (volksdeutche)

• Make Germany strong again

• Take more land to the East for German people (lebensraum)

• Destroy communism

• Abolish the ToV

Lebensraum

Hitler's acquiring "living space" for the German people

Why did Britain and France give into the Policy of Appeasement?

• They were not strong enough for war after disbanding armies after WW1

• The people didnt want war

• Hitler wasn't the only concern and Japan could take over their Asian Empire

• Australia and Canada may not send troops to fight alongside British troops

• Hitler was anti-Communist and might help prevent the spread of Communism

• ToV was too harsh on Germany so what they wanted was reasonable

• They couldn't afford the cost of war or disruption of trade

What did the USA think about the policy of appeasement?

They had been following a policy of isolation since the 1920s and the Americans did not want to get involved in a second world war if it broke out in Europe

Why was the Soviet Union scared of Hitler?

Hitler lent troops to help the anti-communists in the Russian Civil War and by 1935, Stalin was willing to work with the western democracies to protect the USSR from Hitler.

Deal (non-aggression) with Poland, 1934

Germany and Hitler agreed to settle disputes peacefully, which reduced Polish fears of German aggression. It also gave Germany more chance to rearm and upset France.

Where was Hitler from?

Austria

Dollfuss Affair 1934

Hitler wanted to unite all German-speaking people. He was from Austria and there had been a debate whether Austria should be apart of 'Greater Germany' or independent. In 1932, Dollfuss became Chancellor of Germany. He was a far right nationalist and conservative but not a NAZI; he wanted to protect Austria's catholic national identity from Germany. Dollfuss established a dictatorship in 1933 outlawing other parties including the Austrian NAZI party for the 'safety of the nation'. The Austrian NAZI's turned to Hitler for help and he told them to cause chaos in Austria. in 1934, Dollfuss was assented by 10 Austrian NAZI's. Hitler wanted to invade Austria to support the Austrian NAZI's but Mussolini wanted to be seen protecting Austria and threatened war. Hitler did not have an army big enough for war so backed down.