PDHPE Yr 11 Preliminary Studies: First Aid

STOP

Stop the patient from moving.

Talk to the patient

Observe their movements and body'

Prevent further injury by using RICER or seeking help

Arterial Bleed

Bright red blood that may be spurting.

Veinal Bleed

Darker blood with lower force.

Capillary Bleed

Slow oozing bleeding

PER

Presure

Elevate

Rest

Bleeding Management

1. DRSABCD

2. Pressure over the site

3. Lay casualty and elevate injury

4. Rest injured area

5. Loosen tight clothing

6. If arterial or veinal and is life threatening then seek medical advice.

Shock

A condition where the body clo9ses off the blood supply to extremities to ensure enough oxygeb reaches vital organs.

Causes of Shock

Bood loss, fluid loss, heart attack, involvement in dramatic accident

Symptoms of Shock

Pale a cold skin, weak but rapid pulse, rapid shallow breathing, nausea and faintness.

Shock management

1. DRSABCD

2. Seek medical advice

3. Loosen restrictive clothing

4. Keep casualty comfortable.

5. Raise. leg above the heart if there are no fractures

6. Dress wounds and burns

Symptoms of Neck and Spinal Injury

Pain at or below the site of injury, loss of movement, lack of movement, tingling in the hands or feet

Spinal Injury for Conscious Casualty

1. Reassure them

2. Loosen tight clothing

3. Restrict head movement by applying support with a cervical collar if available

4. Seek medical attention

5. Monitor closely

Spinal Injury for Unconscious Casualty

1. DRSABCD

2. Apply a brace if possible restricting head movement

3. Avoid movement unless absolutely necessary.

Moving a Casualty Management

1. DRSABCD

2. Immobilise fractures and treat wounds before moving if possible.

3. Tell the patient what you intend to move.

   1. Allow them to help you move them

Situations requiring a medical referral

• CPR

• Unconscious

• Heart Attack

• Spinal injury

• Fractures

• Dislocations

Care of an Unsconscious Casualty

1. Recovery position if breathing

2. Supporting neck extension allows air into the lungs

3. Protect them from their environment

4. Keep warm

5. No food or water

6. Collect details and injury history

Examples of Cuts & Lacerations

Abrasions, open and penetrating wounds

Signs of a cut or laceration

Scraped skin, incisions or breakage in the skin, deep wound from an object.

Management of Cuts and Laceration

1. DRSABCD

2. Apply pressure to bleeds

3. Cleanse thoroughly

4. Apply dressing

5. Seek medical attention if necessary

Fracture

A complete or partial break of a bone

Signs and Symptoms of a Fracture

Sound of bone breakge, localised pain, swelling, deformity, tenderness, loss of power, limited range of motion.

Management of a fracture

1. DRSABCD

2. Control bleeding if present

3. Immobolise with a sling or splint

4. Observe for shock

5. Seek medical attention

Dislocation

Bone being dislodged from the joint

Signs and Symptoms of a Dislocation

Swelling, discolouration, pain, deformty and tenderness with the inability to move.

Management of a Dislocation

1. DRSABCD

2. Support the Area

3. Applce Ice

4. Elevate if Possible

5. Seek Medical attention

Signs and Symptoms of a Head Injury/Concussion

Blurred Vision, Memory Loss, Change in Pupil Size, Bleeding Nose or Ears, Abnormal Response to Commands.

Response to Head Injuries/Concussion

1. DRSABCD

2. Support Head/Neck

3. Keep Airway Open

4. Lay in Lateral Position

5. Do not apply pressure to bleeding head if a skull fracture is suspected

6. Seek medical attention

Signs and Symptoms of Eye Injuries

Eye irritation, watering, redness, pain, inability to open the eye.

Response to Eye Injuries

1. Avoid Rubbing and Removing Embedded Objects

2. Lay in the lateral position

3. Cover both eyes

   1. Seek medical Attention

Signs and Symptoms of Nasal Injuries

Pain, swelling, deformity, bruising, bleeding and deviation of the septum.

Response to Nasal Injuries

1. Instruct Casualty to Breathe through mouth

2. Use gloves

3. Avoid blowing the nose or straightening the nasal passage

4. Sit leaning forward

   1. Pressure below the bone

Signs and Symptoms of Superficial Burns

Redness and pain

Response to Superficial Burn Injuries

1. DRSABCD

2. Cool running water

3. Remove jewellery and unstuck clothing

4. Seek medical attention

   1. Only apply crea

Signs and Symptoms of a Partial Thickness Burn

Red moist skin with clear weeping liquid, blisters, severe pain

Response to Partial Thickness Burns

1. Seek medical aid

2. Wear gloves

3. Remove jewellery and non-stuck clothing

4. Cover burn with non-stick sterile dessing

5. Move to safe environment

6. Monitor for shock

Signs and Symptoms of Full Thickness Burns

White or black burn, loss of feeling or pain in burnt area.

Response to Full Thickness Burn

1. Seek medical Aid

2. Cover burn with sterile lint-free dressing

3. Monitor for shock

4. Elevate limb

5. Move to safe environment

6. Cool with water

Partial Thickness Burn

Burn to the epidermis and dermis.

Superficial Burn

Burn to the top layer of the epidermis.

Full Thickness Burn

Burn through the epidermis and the dermis into the subcutaneous layer.

Inhalation Burn

Burn along the respiratory tract by inhaling gases or flames.

Signs of Inhalation Burns

Breathing difficulty.

Response to Inhalation burns

1. Seek medical aid

2. Provide oxygen

   1. Monitor for shock and breathing difficulties.

Electrical Burns

Burns both external and internal caused by electrical industrial power conducted through the human body.

Signs and Symptoms of an Electrical Burn

Irregular or no heartbeat, breathing difficulties or no breathing, fractures and evidence of burns.

Response to Electrical Burns

1. DRSABCD

2. Treat external wounds.

Chemical Burns

Burns caused by a chemical agent.

Response to a Chemical Burn

1. Reference material Data Safety Sheet

2. DRSABCD

3. Seek medical aid

4. Remove affected clothing

5. Wash with cool clear water for an extended time

6. Ensure initial accident cannot be repeated

7. Treat depending on types of burns.

Signs and Symptoms of Teeth Injuries

Bleeding from Mouth, Dislodged teeth

Response to Teeth Injury

1. Keep tooth in place

2. Seek dental advice

3. Reimplant knocked out tooth and splint to adjacent tooth using foil or place in milk or saliva.

Signs and Symptoms of Electrocution

Unconsciousness

Response to Electrocutions

1. Ensure source of electricity is disconnected.

2. DRSABCD

3. Cool burnt areas under running water

4. Seek medical aid.

Signs and Symptoms of Chest Injuries

Pain in breathing or coughing, difficulty breathing, tenderness in chest area.

Response to Chest Injuries

1. Place in comfortable position

2. Encourage shallow breathing

3. Pad injured area

4. Seek medical aid.

Signs and Symptoms of Abdominal Injuries

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration

Response to Abdominal Injuries

1. Seek history

2. DRSABCD

3. Monitor for shock

4. Lay on back, raised legs and knees bent

5. Do not touch possibly protruding organs

Abrasion

Scraping of the outer skin layer due to being dragged along a hard or rough surface.

Incision

Deep cut caused by a sharp object

Laceration

Jagged edge wound caused by things such as wire or rough objects.

Punctures

Penetration fo skin by a sharp object.

Embedded Object

Wound with an object still in place.

Avulsion

Flap or skin has been totally or partially removed.

Amputation

The severing of a body part.

Triage

The order of priority of treatment between multiple patients and casualties.

Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack

Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, excessive perspiration, irregular heart beat, extended chest pain.

Response to Heart Attacks

1. DRSABCD

2. seek urgent medical assistance

3. loosen tight clothing

4. defribillate

Signs and Symptoms of Stroke

Numbness in the face, arm or leg, slurred speech, disorientation, blurred vision, loss of consciousness

Causes of Stroke

When a part of the brain is damaged or destroyed because it is deprived of blood caused by a blocked or ruptured blood vessel.

Response to a Stroke

1. DRSABCD

2. Seek medical aid

3. Make patient comfortable

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

Nausea, confusion, sweating, rapid pulse, shallow breathing.

Response to Hypoglycaemia

1. DRSABCD

2. Give Sugary drink

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperglycaemia

Drowsiness, rapid pulse, thirst, increase urination, fruity breath smell.

Response to Hyperglaecemia

1. DRSABCD

2. If conscious allow them to administer insulin.

Signs and Symptoms of Epilepsy and Seizures

Muscle spasms, rigid body, frothing at the mouth, loss of bladder control, loss of consciousness

Causes of Epilepsy and Seizures

Head injury, high body temperature, tumours or poision.

Response to Epilepsy and Seizures

1. DRSABCD

2. Clear obstacles near casualty

3. Time Sizure

4. Place in recovery position and monitor once finished

5. Seek medical aid

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

Difficulty breathing, wheezing and coughing, tightness in chest, rapid pulse, pale and sweaty skin.

Response to Asthma

4 seperate puffs of blue reliever preferably via a spacer, each puff with 4 breaths, repeat every 4 minutes until recovery or medical assistance arrives.

Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxes

Difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, tightness in the throat, hoarse voice, wheezing or persistent coughing, loss of consciousness or collapse, pale and floppy young children.

Response to Anaphylaxes

1. Epipen - Adrenaline through autoinjector

2. Seek medical aid

3. Monitor closely.

Anaphylactic Shock

When the heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body due to an allergic reaction weakening the heart muscle or shrinking the veins.

Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning

Headache, drowsiness, vomiting, pain, rapid pulse, breath smells of fumes.

Response to Poisonings

1. DRSABCD

2. Avoid vomiting

3. Poisons hotline 131126

4. Seek medical aid

Signs and Symptoms of Snake Bites

Puncture marks, pain, swelling, headache, rapid pulse, difficulty breathing.

Response to Snake Bites

1. DRSABCD

2. Apply compression bandage along site and limb

3. Mark site on the bandage

4. Immobilise

5. Seek medical aid

   1. If possible identify snake type

Signs and Symptoms of a Funnel Web Spider Bite

Puncture marks, pain, sweating, difficulty breathing, nausea, shock.

Response to Funnel Web Spider Bites

1. DRSABCD

2. Apply compression bandage along site and limb

3. Mark site on the bandage

4. Immobilise

5. Seek medical aid

Signs and Symptoms of Redback Spider Bites

Pain, sweating, nausea, joint pain, rapid pulse.

Response to Redback Spider Bites

1. DRSABCD

2. Apply ice to bite site

3. Seek medical aid

Signs and Symptoms of Bee Stings

Pain and swelling

Response to Bee Stings

1. Remove stinger by scraping away

2. Apply ice to site

3. Seek medical aid if allergic reaction occurs.

Signs and Symptoms of Bluebottle Sting

Tentacles on skin, stinging sensation, redness of skin, pain.

Response to Blue Bottle Stings

1. Remove tentacles with the ends of the fingers

2. Hot water immersion or cold compress for pain management.

3. Seek medical aid if allergic reaction occurs.

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthermia

Cramps, exhaustion, dizziness, nausea, headache, rapid pulse, unconsciousness.

Response to Hyperthermia

1. Place in cool shaded area

2. Provide water

3. Fan or use wet towel to cool body temp

4. Seek medical aid.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia

Shivering, fatigue, slurred speech, slow reaction time, slow pulse, cold skin.

Response to Hypothermia

1. Remove wet clothing

2. Wrap in warm dry items

3. Do not raise body temperature too quickly

4. Provide warm sugary drinks

5. Seek medical assistance.

Signs and Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Difficulty sleeping, lethargy, loss of appetite, lack of concentration, difficulty engaging with everyday life, flashbacks.

Debriefing

A reflection on a situation not an evaluation.