gcse pe paper 1

pe aqa

functions of the skeleton

support, movement, red blood cell production, mineral storage, protection, provides points of attatchment

types of bones

long, flat, short, irregular

definition of joint

where two or more bones meet

what are the three types of joint and examples

immovable (cranium) , partially moveable(spine) , freely movable joint( elbow)

liagament

connects bone to bone

tendons

connects muscle to bone

function of cartilage

aid movement, absorb shock, prevent bones rubbing together

function of joint capsule

surrounds and seals joint, provides stability

function of bursae

fluid filled sacs which reduces friction in between bones and tissue

what movements can occur at hinge

Flexion and extension

What movements can occur ball and socket

Rotation, flexion, extension ,abduction ,adduction ,circumduction

Definition of rotation

Rotating movement around an axis

Definition of extension

When the angle of the joint increases

Definition of flexion

When the angle at a joint decreases

Definition of abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Definition of adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body

Definition of plantar flexion

Movement at the ankle joint that points the foot downwards away from the shin

Definition of dorsiflexion

Movement at the ankle joint that points the foot upwards towards the shin

What movement does the deltoid cause

Abduction of the arm at the shoulder eg bowling a cricket ball

What movement does the bicep cause

Flexion of the arm at the elbow joint eg pulling a paddle and kayaking

what movement does the tricep cause

Extension of the arm at the elbow joint eg throwing a javelin

What movement do the quadriceps cause

Extension of the leg at the new joint EG pushing the pedals when the cycling

what movements do the hamstrings cause

Flexion of the leg at the knee joint eg lifting your leg to kick a football

what movements does the tibialis anterior cause

Dorsi flexion of the ankle eg lifting of the toes off the ground when walking and running

what movement does the gastrocnemius cause

Flexion of the foot at the ankle joint for example taking off when performing a high jump

Agonist and antagonist of flexion of the arm

Bicep is agonist and contracts to allow flexion. Tricep is antagonist and relaxes to allow flexion

Agonist and antagonist of extension of arm

Tricep is agonist and contracts to allow extension. bicep is antagonist and relaxes to allow extension

Agonist and antagonist of flexion of leg

Hamstrings are agonist and contract to allow flexion. Quadriceps are antagonist and relaxed to allow flexion

Agonist and antagonist in extension of leg

Quadriceps are agonist and contract to allow extension. Hamstrings are antagonist and relaxed to allow extension.

Definition of isometric muscle contraction

There is no change in joint angle and muscle length eg plank

Definition of concentric isotonic contraction

Muscles shorten as muscle fibres contract eg upward phaser bicep curl

Definition of eccentric isotonic contraction

Muscles lengthen as muscle fibres contract eg The downward phase of a bicep curl

Pathway of air

Through nose or mouth —trachea—bronchi—bronchioles—-alveoli and gas exchange

Features that assist in gaseous exchange

- Large surface area of alveoli

- Aveoli walls are only one cell thick

-There's a short diffusion distance between alveoli and capillaries

- There are lots of capillaries around the alveoli that provide a large blood supply for gas exchange

During inspiration

-Chest volume increases

- Intercoastal muscles contract to expand rib cage

-Diaphragm contracts and moves down

-Contractions of the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles

During expiration

- Chest volume decreases as air is forced out of lungs

- Intercostal muscles relaxed to lower rib cage

- The diaphragm relaxes and moves up

- Contraction of abdominal muscles pulls the rib cage down faster forcing the air out quicker

Tidal volume definition

The volume of air normally inhaled and expelled by breath

inspiritary reserve volume definition

The additional amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume definition

The additional amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume

Residual volume definition

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Pathway of blood through heart

- deoxygenated blood from body is carried into right atrium through vena cava

- The right atrium contracts pushing blood into right ventricle

- The right ventricle contracts pushing blood into pulmonary artery

- the pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs

- Oxygenated blood from lungs is carried by pulmonary vein into left atrium

- the left atrium contracts pushing blood into left ventricle

- the left ventricle contracts pushing blood into aorta

- the aorta transports oxygenated blood to body

vasodilation definition

Blood vessels leading to working muscles dilate to increase blood flow

Vasoconstriction definition

Blood vessels leading to digestive system constructs to reduce blood flow

what do arteries carry

-Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery

-thick walls small lumen

What the veins carry

-deoxygenated blood except Pulmonary vein

- Thin walls large lumen

What do capillaries do

Allow gas exchange

one cell thick

Cardiac output definition

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute

stroke volume definition

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one contraction

Cardiac output equation

Stroke volume x heart rate

Methods to recover from exercise

Rehydration, consuming carbohydrates, massage ,ice bath

Immediate effects of exercise

- Increase body temperature

- Increased breathing rate

- Increase heart rate

Short term effects of exercise up to 36 hours

- Fatigue

- Lightheadedness

- Nausea

- Doms

Long term effects of exercise

- Change in body shape

- Increased in heart size

- Lower resting heart rate

- Improvements in components of fitness

Mechanical advantage

Turning a small force into a bigger force. mechanical advantage = effort arm divided by load arm.

- When the effort arm is longer than the load arm

What movements occur in the sagittal plane and transverse axis

flexion and extension -eg bicep curl and front flip

What movements occur in the frontal plane and sagittal axis

Abduction and adduction eg star jump and cartwheel

What movements occur in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis

Rotation eg discus throw and 360 spin in ice skating

Reasons for fitness testing

- can be used to show a starting level of fitness and develop training requirements

- Can provide variety to training and help you monitor improvement

- Can help determine the success of a training programme

Reasons against fitness testing

- Can be too general and not sport specific

- Do not include the movements of the actual activity

- Do not account for the competitive conditions of sport

- Take motivation to complete

Definition of agility

The ability to change direction quickly and accurately

What is the test for agility and how to do it

- The Illinois agility test

- Lie face down at start cond and on command jump up and complete the course

Definition of balance

The ability to retain centre of mass above the base of support while stationary or moving

Fitness test for balance and how to do it

-stork test

- Stand with hands on hips and place soul of right foot against inside of left knee rise up on toes and hold

Cardiovascular endurance definition

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles

Test for cardiovascular endurance and how to do it

- Multi stage fitness test

- Run back and forth between two cones twenty metres apart

Coordination definition

The ability to use a combination of body parts at the same time

What is the test for coordination and how to do it

- wall toss test

- Stand two metres from wall and throw a ball against the wall with one hand and catch it with other during thirty seconds

Flexibility definition

Range of movement possible around a joint

Test for flexibility in how to do it

- Sit and reach test

- Sit with feet against test reach forward as far as you can and record

Muscular endurance definition

The ability of a muscle group or muscle to work for prolonged period of time without tiring

Test for muscular endurance and how to do it

- Sit up bleep test

- As many sit ups as you can in time with bleeps

Definition of power

Combination of explosive strength and speed of movement

Test for power and how to do it

- Vertical jump test

- Reach your hand as high as you can up a wall and mark. Jump as high as you can and touch the wall up to the highest point

Reaction time definition

The time taken to react to a stimulus

Test for reaction time and how to do it

- Ruler drop test

- One person holds a ruler level with the other persons fingers at 0cm. The partner then unexpectedly drops the ruler and the other person catches it.

Strength definition

Applying a force to overcome a resistance

Test for strength and how to do it

-Handgrip dynamometer test

- Grip the dynamometer with maximum effort

Definition of speed

The ability to move your body or part of your body quickly

Test for speed and how to do it

- Thirty metres sprint test

- Involved running thirty metres as fast as possible with a rolling start

what does sport mean

Specificity-tailored to sport and performer

Progressive overload-to improve and develop, a training programme must gradually be made more difficult

Reversibility-fitness levels drop if regular exercise stopped

Tedium-using a variety of methods helps you stay motivated

key principles of overload

Frequency-how often you exercise

Intensity-how hard you exercise

Time-how long exercise

Tedium-how your training matches your chosen activity

benefits of circuit trainings

-develops both anaerobic and aerobic systems

negatives of circuit training

-can require lots of space, equipment and time to set up

-can difficult to maintain work rate

positives of continuous training

-improves aerobic fitness, cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance

-easy to monitor rate and progression

-don’t need equipment

negatives of continuous training

-does not develop other components of fitness

-time consuming

-can be repetitive and boring

positives of fartlek training

-develops both anaerobic and aerobic systems

-improves cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance

-can be adapted to suit most sports and improve other components of fitness

negatives of fartlek

-can be repetitive and boring

-difficult to monitor work rate and progession

-can be difficult to maintain work rate

benefits of interval training

-develops both aerobic and anaerobic systems

-can be adapted to suit specific sports and improve other components of fitness

-easy to monitor work rate and progression

negatives of interval training

-can be repetitive and boring

-can be difficult to maintain work rate

weight training benefits

-improves muscular strength, endurance, size and power

-low reps, high weight for strength

-high reps, low weight for muscular endurance

-easy to monitor work rate and progression

disadvantages of weight training

-requires specialist equipment

-can cause serious injury if incorrect technique used

benefits of plyometric training

-improves muscular strength , power and speed

-can use all muscles

-no equipment needed

negatives of plyometrics

-very demanding on muscles and joints

-high risk of injury

benefits of static stretching

-increases flexibilty

-can be relaxing

disadvantages of stretching

-can be time-consuming

-some muscles are difficult to stretch

benefits of altitude training

-improves cardiovascular and muscular endurance which benefits anaerobic athletes

negatives of high-altitude training

-little benefits of anaerobic athletes

-travel to training areas can be expensive

-altitude sickness

-effects only last for a limited time

how high is altitude training

2000m above sea level

anaerobic %

80-90%