Hgap winter semester review

9th grade HGAP

All map projections contain some for of distortion because

The earth’s surface is three-dimensional and cannot be represented on a two- dimensional surface without some level of distortion.

According to the concept of relative distance, which pair of cities would have the SMALLEST relative distance?

Two cities with similar economic functions and cultural characteristics

Which of the following would be considered a large-scale map?

A street map of downtown Austin showing individual buildings

Which of the following would be considered a large-scale map:

A street map of downtown Austin showing individual buildings

 A student is creating a map to show population density by county across Texas.

She decides to use different shades of blue, where darker blue represents counties with higher population density and lighter blue represents counties with lower population density. What type of thematic map is she creating?

Choropleth map

cartographer needs to create a map for ship navigation that shows accurate compass directions and allows merchant sailors to plot straight-line courses.

Which map projection would be most appropriate?

Mercator projection

What is the name of the line of longitude located at o° running from north to south of the Earth?

Prime Meridian

The conversion of King Clovis I to Christianity in the 5th century led to the conversion of many of his people. This is an example of:

Hierarchical diffusion, as the king's conversion influenced his subjects to adopt the same religion

Which of the following statements best compares the functions of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS)?

GIS is used for mapping, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data, while GPS is used for determining precise locations using satellite signals.

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of environmental determinism?

People living in the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, and Australia develop similarly with strategies such as water conservation and mobile lifestyles.

Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of glocalization?

Coca-Cola hires local artists in each country to produce packaging that is attractive to diverse cultural groups in their home countries.

Which of the following is the correct order of the four types of scale, from largest scale to smallest scale?

 Local → Regional → National → Global

How might the tracking of the Ebola virus differ when analyzed on a global scale versus a local scale?

On a global scale, the focus would be on the spread of the disease between countries, while on a local scale, the focus would be on tracking individual cases and containment efforts within a specific city.

The above map represents the distribution of English-speakers around the globe. This English-speaking region of the world can best be described as a:

Formal Region

When people refer to "The South" in the United States, they often have different ideas about which states are included based on their personal experiences and cultural associations. This represents a

Perceptual region

A software engineer loses her job due to company downsizing in Detroit and decides to relocate to San Diego, citing the year-round mild climate as a major factor in choosing her new city. This migration decision best illustrates the interaction between:

economic push factors and environmental pull factors 

A country with a total fertility rate of 1.4 and increasing life expectancy would most likely experience which of the following demographic challenges?

Labor shortages and increased elderly dependency ratios

 A developed country has experienced a decline in total fertility rate from 2.1 to 1.3

over the past two decades. The pro-natalist government is now considering possible responses to correct this demographic trend. Which of the following policies would be MOST effective in achieving the government's likely demographic goals?

Providing tax credits and free childcare for families with children

Based on the DTM above, what typically triggers a country's transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3?

Women's education and rural-to-urban migration

Which of the following measures could a country take to encourage population growth without the need to increase fertility rates?

Implementing a baby bonus

8) During the ongoing conflict in Syria, millions of people have been forced to leave their homes. Those who fled to camps in Jordan and Turkey are classified as refugees, while those who moved to safer areas within Syria's borders are classified as internally displaced persons (IDPs). This distinction is based on:

refugees cross international borders while IDPs remain within their home country

Singapore's shift from its anti-natalist policy "Stop at Two" to now the pro-natalist policy of "Have Three or More If You Can Afford It" primarily reflects concerns about:

insufficient natural resources to support population growth

Research on fertility patterns consistently demonstrates that which of the following factors has the strongest correlation with lower total fertility rates among women?

Level of educational attainment

Which calculation of population density would allow a geographer to compare countries based on the overall effect of industrialization in farming?

Agricultural density

Which of the following correctly identifies the four major population clusters of the world?

East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia

A rural county has experienced significant out-migration of residents aged 18-35 over the past two decades, while retaining most of its population over age 50.

Accelerated population aging and higher elderly dependency ratios

18) A migrant from rural Bangladesh originally planned to relocate to London for employment opportunities. However, after arriving in Dubai, they find suitable work in the construction industry and decide to settle there permanently. This scenario best illustrates the concept of:

intervening oppurtunity

Tokyo, New York, Shanghai, Delhi, and Mexico City are all examples of Metacities. A Metacity is defined as having how many residents?

20 million or more

Which factor is known to have the highest correlation to reduced fertility rates?

Women's education

Ravenstein's laws suggest that females and males have different migration patterns. Which of the following statements best reflects his observations about gender differences in migration?

Men are more likely to migrate to other countries, while women migrate more often inside their home countries.

Geographers studying women's status and its impact on demographic change would be MOST likely to measure which combination of factors?

Educational attainment, economic participation, and reproductive autonomy

What best describes concern for a country with an aging population

As a population of older people increases, fewer young workers are services to the older population

what is the Berlin wall & function

It functioned as an absorbing barrier to relocation diffusion but a permeable Barrier to expansion diffusion

polish immigrants to the united States decide to change their family name to smth native English spears can pronounce

Assimilation

Chicago’s pilsen neighborhood was og settled by czech immigrants with European architecture then became Mexican american with murals, Spanish lang, and restaurants

Cultural convergence through assimilation

In an effort to give their city a distant communal identity, city planners invite local artists to paint murals to reflect the towns history and create a community garden. in addition they amended zoning laws to require new buildings to adhere to a new post modernist style

Placemaking that creates sense of place and combats generic development

Which is the best example of a group of countries that share a generic toponym?

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan

A joke from the American movie Inside Out shows a young child rejecting a plate of broccoli. For the Japanese release of the movie, the broccoli was changed to green peppers, since Japanese children tend to prefer broccoli and dislike green peppers. This is an example of:

Glocalization

a city contains both a mosque where Muslims gather for daily prayers and a public library used for reading and community meetings. Which statement best characterizes these two spaces?

The mosque is a sacred space with religious significance; the library is a secular space with non-religious functions

Petra is from Mexico and Juliana is from Spain. When speaking, they both speak in Spanish but use different phrases and pronounce words differently from one another. However, they are still able to understand each other and have a full conversation. Petra and Juliana:

speak the same language but with different dialects and different accents

Nigeria is divided along religious lines, with a predominantly Muslim north and a predominantly Christian South. these differences have left to political tensions, regional conflicts, and debates over the implementation of religious law in certain states.

A centrifugal force creating division and regional conflict

In Greek mythology the wind has spirit

animism

A geographer studying a city neighborhood observes signs in multiple languages, mosques and temples alongside Christian churches and ethnic grocery stores clustered on different blocks.

Religion, language, and ethnicity shape the cultural landscape

Most widely spoken lang family

indo-europeon lang

29) In the late 19th century, European powers believed in their superiority and right to dominate other regions for economic gain and political power. Britain acted on these beliefs by establishing direct control over India, sending administrators, building railways, and imposing British laws and education systems. This scenario illustrates:

Imperialism as the ideology motivating British actions; colonialism as the actual establishment of control and infrastructure in India

In colonial Haiti, enslaved Africans and French colonizers developed a simplified trade language to communicate for work purposes. Over generations, enslaved children learned this language natively, and it evolved into Haitian Creole with full grammar and vocabulary. This process best illustrates:

The creation of pidgin lang that underwent creolization

Hadrian's Wall was built by the Romans in 122 CE to mark the northern boundary of their empire in Britain. Though it no longer serves as a political border, the wall's remains are still visible across northern England and attract tourists. Hadrian's Wall represents:

A relic botanidary that no longer function politically but remains visible

China governs a territory that includes the Han majority (92% of population), as well as Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongolians, and other ethnic groups, each with their own languages and cultural practices. While the government promotes a unified "Chinese identity", it also designates certain non-Han regions as autonomous. China is best classified as:

A multinational state, because multiple nations exist within one state's borders

Somalia has a recognized government based in its capital Mogadishu that is acknowledged by the United Nations. It holds a seat in international organizations.

However, large portions of the country are controlled by local warlords and the militant group Al-Shabaab, while the government in Mogadishu can only enforce laws within the capital city. This situation demonstrates:

Strong effective sovereignty but weak legal sovereignty

A state legislature controls the redistricting process and wants to maximize seats for Party X, which has 40% of voters statewide while Party Y has 60%. The legislature draws district boundaries to spread Party Y voters thinly across multiple districts, ensuring Party X wins narrow majorities in most districts. This strategy is called:

Cracking, diluting opposition voters across many districts

The Kurdish people share a common language, culture, and history across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. While Iraqi Kurdistan has achieved limited self-governance within Iraq, no internationally recognized independent Kurdish state exists. Kurdish political movements advocate for either greater autonomy or full independence. This situation primarily illustrates:

 A stateless nation navigating between autonomy and independence movements

The Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated primarily by ethnic Armenians but was located within Azerbaijan's borders after the Soviet Union collapsed. From Armenia's perspective, this represents ethnic kin separated from the Armenian homeland by foreign territory. Armenia and Azerbaijan fought multiple wars over this region, with Armenia arguing it should be united with Armenia due to its ethnic composition. This situation best illustrates:

An exclave of ethnic Armenians creating irredentist tensions between states

A Chinese fishing vessel is discovered harvesting fish 150 nautical miles off the coast of the Philippines. The Philippine government claims the right to regulate fishing in this area and demands the vessel leave. Which principle supports the Philippine government's claim?

The vessel is within the Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

After decades of centralized rule from Madrid, Spain granted significant legislative and taxation powers to its regional governments in Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Galicia. These regions now manage their own education systems, healthcare, and cultural policies while remaining part of Spain. Which of the following best describes this process?

Devolution, as power transfers from central to regional governments

After independence, Indonesia adopted the national motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Unity in Diversity), created a national flag and anthem, and promoted the Indonesian language across its thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic groups. The government emphasized shared symbols and identity while acknowledging regional diversity. These policies primarily serve as:

Centripetal forces using cultural cohesion to promote national unity

After the 2020 U.S. Census, Texas gained two seats in the House of Representatives due to population growth, while New York lost one seat. Following this change, Texas lawmakers redrew the boundaries of congressional districts within the state. Which statement accurately describes these two processes?

Gaining and losing seats is reapportionment; redrawing boundaries is redistricting

During the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, European powers divided Africa using straight lines on maps, often splitting ethnic groups and combining rivals into single colonies. After independence, these borders contributed to ethnic conflicts in countries like Nigeria and Rwanda. These African boundaries are best described as:

Superimposed geometric boundaries ignoring existing cultural patterns

Canada is the world's second-largest country by land area and contains distinct cultural regions including French-speaking Quebec, Indigenous territories, and English-speaking provinces. To maintain unity, Canada operates as a federal system where provinces control education, healthcare, and natural resources. Why is federalism particularly important for Canada's stability?

 Large territory and cultural diversity make centralized control difficult

29) After a disputed presidential election, the losing candidate refuses to accept the results and claims widespread fraud. Regional governments aligned with the losing candidate stop recognizing the central government's authority and refuse to send tax revenue to the capital. Armed militias form to resist the new president. What political process is most likely occurring?

Democratic collapse leading to potential state disintegration

China's coastal cities like Shanghai and Shenzhen feature advanced technology sectors and high standards of living comparable to core countries, while rural interior regions remain impoverished with limited infrastructure. Chinese factories manufacture goods for American and European markets, while Chinese companies extract resources from African countries. China's position in the global economy is best characterized as:

A semi-periphery state, simultaneously exploiting periphery countries while serving core markets