HOSA Pathophysiology Reproductive

what do the male secrete in utero to differentiate to a male?

Anti-mullerian

Without antimullerian hormone, what develops?

fallopian tubes and uterus.

Which structure is analogous to the glans penis?

the corpus clitoris

Which structure is analogous to the labium minora?

the shaft of the penis

Which structure is analogous to the labium major?

The scrotum

What does lactobacillus acidophilus do in the genitourinary tract?

maintains an acidic pH in the vagina

What does the bulbourethral glad do?

Lubricates urethra for spermatozoa to pass through.

Where is the sperm produced?

Testis - more specifically in the seminiferous tubule

Where does the sperm fully mature and become motile?

Epididymus

What are the sertoli cells and what do they do?

they are support and structure cells that nuture spermatocytes

What are spermatogonium?

Stem cells that replicate constantly. They are off limits to the immune system.

Where are the leydig cells and what do they produce?

Testosterone

When does the sperm undergo protein synthesis?

fertilization. The DNA is not accessible until it gets together with the egg

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

Diploid cells (spermatagonia) have a daughter cell, is primary spermatocyte, undergoes meiosis, turns into secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids, then sperm cells.

In male reproduction, what does LH act on? FSH?

LH acts on leydig cells which release testosterone. FSH acts on Sertoli cells which release Androgen Binding protein to support sperm.

What does Androgen binding protein do to testosterone?

It makes it more hydrophilic which allows it to be present in higher concentrations

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

testosterone.

What releases GnRH?

Hypothalamus

What releases FSH and LH?

Anterior pituitary

What does the bartholins gland do?

Lubricate labia minorum

What does the skenes duct do?

It is the female version of the prostate - produces fluid

The leydig cells are similar to _____ cells in the female

theca

What do the leydig and theca cells produce?

Androgens

Whats the difference between the primordial/Primary follicles and the secondary follicle?

the secondary follicle is a mature follicle that has multiple layers.

The sertoli cells in the male are similar to the ______ cells in the female.

Granulosa

In the development of the ovarian follicle, what produces progesterone in response to fertilization

corpus luteum

What is the corpus albicans?

remnants up ruptured corpus luteum

These two types of cells respond to LH:

Leydig Cells and Thecal Cells

These two types of cells respond to FSH:

Sertoli Cells and granulosa cells.

Ovulation happens in response to high:

LH

what does FSH do and which phase of the mestrual cycle is it associated with?

FSH stimulates the follicle to grow and is associated with the follicular or proliferative phase

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is LH associated with and what can bind to its same receptors?

The luteal phase or secretory phase. HCG can bind to it's same receptor.

If fertilization occurs, what does HCG support

Corpus luteum

in cervical cancer, what do you see in the pap smear?

there is a large nucleus vs size of the cytoplasm

what does HPV 16, 18 do in cervical CA?

neutralize p53 and retinoblastoma (tumor suppressor genes)

What are leiomyomas?

uterine fibroids - small benign growths of uterine tissue, painful

What is the prognosis with endometrial cancer? What is the treatment and when do you see it?

Good prognosis, post menopausal, bleeding, uterus removal

Why is ovarian cancer the silent killer?

detection is late, there is usually bad prognosis, mets and associated with BRCA 1 mutation.

How is the LH and FSH in PCOS?

High LH and low FSH.

What is a teratoma?

dysfunctional germ cell that occurs in fetal development.

what is the feedback of estrogen normally and mid cycle?

Midcycle estrogen is positive feedback, other times it is negative.

which polymicrobial is responsible for syphillis?

treponema pallidum

Which polymicrobial is responsible for chancroid?

haemophilis decreyi