muar midterm 2

Vienna Austria

city associated with 3 most influential musicians of classical period: Hadyn, Mozart, Beethoven

• one of most important musical cultural centers

Esterhazy Family

wealthiest and most powerful Hungarian families, had close connection to royal family, Hadyn entered their service, patrons of music

patron/patronage/patronage system

patron: person who supports someone or something financially to allow them to be recognized

patronage: the support given

patronage system: network of patronage

Joseph Haydn

entered service of Esterhazy family

became Kapellmeister

codified structure of string quartet

Mozart

great pianist and composer of opera

supported himself through subscription concerts

met his greatest lifetime success in music theatre

Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The magic flute

no patron

invention of piano

1700

hits notes with hammers and dampeners, plays notes louder and softer (fortepiano)

dominant instrument of classical period

beethoven

transitional composer, wrote 9 symphonies

music was part of canonized literature

romantic hero

use of chromatic harmony, motivic development

renowned for improvisation

virtuoso

orchestra

centered around core of bowed strings,

no basso continuo section

bowed strings, percussion, woodwinds and brass

“beethoven orchestra”

larger than baroque orchestra

chamber music

for private settings, not a genre, common in social music making

sonata is a genre of chamber music

most popular setting for amateur performances

social/ domestic music making

only appropriate place for women to play

social endevour for upper and middle class to. present their wealth and taste

tonality, functional tonality, tonality music

system of major or minor keys and their related scales that was the foundation of music theory circa 1600 to 1900

hierarchical system that emphasized certain pitches and chords so that some sound more stable and consonant than others

key/ key area

limited collection of 7 pitches

major key and minor key

C major: CDEFGABC

C minor: CDEflatFGaflatBflatC

chromatic scale

series of pitches moving exclusively in half steps, so includes all 12 pitches

chromatic harmony

using notes outside of the 7 keys to create dissonance and harmony

tonic

first pitch in a scale, most important pitch, gives name and key of scale

dominant

fifth pitch in scale, second most important, often used to modulate into the key of the dominant, strongest cadence in music

modulation

switching keys in the middle of a piece, usually to the dominant

ternary forms

ABA, typical in Chopins character pieces,

minuet

elegant dance movement in triple meter

very popular from 1650 to 1800

minuet and trio form

typically second or third movement of a symphony or string quartet

scherzo/ scherzo form

short composition like minuet, has ABA form because it returns to the scherzo

upbeat and lively, moderato

theme and variations form

a theme followed by multiple variations of that theme

sonata form

three movements, fast-slow-fast, no dance related movement

first movement is longest, second has character development, third is lively

sequence

short musical section repeated over and over in different pitches, often in sections of pieces that are modulatory

cadenza

resting place in music where soloist plays without orchestra

staccato

separate detached notes played like quickly

legato

smooth connected flowing notes

lyrical/ lyrical cantabile

italian word for singable or songlike, style of melody meant to imitate human voice, usually homophonic

motive/ motivic development

used by beethoven to create musical unity, uses motives to illustrate a theme and melodic ideas over different structures

themes/ thematic development

themes are developed by changing themes using modulation

opus/ opus number

number assigned to a piece or set of compositions

virtuoso

highly skilled person in music such as mozart, beethoven

nationalism

Ex: mazurka by chopin

desire among composers to recreate, represent or celebrate their national identiy through their art

exoticism

desire to recreate, represent a foreign identity through art

EX: madama butterfly

program music

isntrumental music associated with a story, poem, scene or something extra-musical.

have descriptive titles

EX: midsummers night dream overture

absolute music

doesnt convey a story, not extra musical, generic titles

EX: Octet in F major, Franz Schubert

cyclic principle, when is a movement a cycle

cyclic principle, when is a movement a cycle

practice in music composition where themes or motifs from previous movements are reused or transformed in later movements.

A movement is considered part of a cycle when it intentionally revisits material or structural elements from earlier movements, creating a cohesive experience throughout a multi-movement work.

enhances thematic development and reinforces the unity of the composition, making each movement feel like part of a larger narrative.

strophic form

each poetic verse is set to the same repeating music

modified strophic form

some of the stanzas are set to repeating music, but other parts that differ

through composed form

no poetic verses are the same, no repeated sections

Ex: Frauliebe no 8

postlude/ piano postlude

susbtancial portion at end of song where piano solos, not very common in art songs after vocalist has presented all the text

rubato

changing the pace of the song and varying the time by slowing down or speeding up in a expressive manner

Frederic Chopin

most famous composer of character pieces

1810-1849

most associated with high salons of Parisien high society and musical scene of paris

polish nationalistic works like mazurka

Hector Berlioz

progressive french composer

advocate for program music

celebrated for colourful orchestration

works of hybrid genres “dramatic symphony”

1803-1869

Treatise on Orchestration

written by Hector Berlioz

technical study of western musical instruments

Clara Schumann

wife of Robert Schumann

one of the most important and influential virtuosos of 19th century

instrumental in shaping views of modern day piano concert

often played works of earlier composers like bach

1819-1896

Robert Schumann

german composer

wrote for the journal of new music, one of most influential music journals of 19th c

one of greatest composers in 19th c

1810-1856

Felix Mendellsohn conducted Bachs St MAtthew of Passion

1809-1847

first time the matthew was heard outside of LEipzig

important for bringing Bach’s work to public attention

importance of William Shakespeare

Midsummers night dream was inspired by shakespeares same play, musical themes inspired by characters in the play,

Giuseppe Verdi

true italian hero

dominant italian composer over 50 years

most famous and important italian composer

librettos based on contemporary plays and novels, shakespeare

3 famous operas: Rigoletto (1851)
Il trovatore (1853)
Il traviata (1853)

prima donna

leading female singer in opera

nature and subject of librettos

german: norse mythology, glorified german land,

italian: contemporary plays and novels and shakespeare,

storyline of Madama butterfly

cio cio san the butterfly marries pinkerton who goes off to america and abandons her. In the aria Un Bel Di she is portraying her despair and desperation and hope for him to return , unwavering faith in him

richard wagner

composer of the ring cycle, cycle of four german music dramas

most important and influential figure in german opera, created music drama genre

nationalistic fervor

Louis Farrenc

(1804-1875): french composer taught privately bc women were not allowed to enroll in classes at the time. was praised by robert schumann

Farrenc was paid less than her male colleagues at the Conservatoire for nearly a decade. Only after the triumphant premiere of her Nonet, op 38—inwhich the famous violinist Joseph Joachim took part did she receive equal pay

Peter Tchaikovsky

most influential and important russian composer

composed swan lake, the nutcracker, and sleeping beauty

Antonín Dvořák(1841-1904)

great czech nationalist composer

known in homeland as father of czech music

showed particular interest in melodies native to the United States—especially plantation melodies of African Americans and tunes of American Indians

Eight of Dvořák’s nine operas have librettos in theCzech language and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit

symphony 9 in E minor

main melody is inspired by plantation songs from black face minstrels

Amy Beach

first american woman to succeed as composer of large scale art music

minstrel music

one of the most popular forms of entertainment in US for nearly 100 years

art song/ lied

early romantic genre of monody song for solo voice with piano accompaniment

piano is crucial for expression, not only accompaniment

ballet/ ballet score

genre that includes. both music and dance

ballet score is just the music, swan lake is first ever ballet score written by symphonic composer

character piece

one-movement miniatures for solo piano, usually brief (2 to 7 minutes),with more or less descriptive titles suggestive of a mood, scene, type of song or dance, usually homophonic

etude

type of character piece, made for technical studies for students and performances

nocturne

inspired by or evocative of the night, slower, romantic, melancholic

prelude

short piece of music, repeating motifs that reoccurr

concerto (solo concerto)

has three movements, large ensemble music for soloist within orchestra

concert overture

one movement work for orchestra, descriptive title, usually in sonata form movements

double concerto

large ensemble for two soloists and orchestra

music drama

structure governed by series of dramatic effects rather than long arias

opera buffa

2 acts, recitatives and arias, comedic purpose, middle class, contemporary inspo

opera seria

serious opera, for aristocrats, 3 acts, oldest and most serious form

grand opera

middle class parisians

librettos based on historic topics, large scope, war,four or five acts

opera comic

french comic opera, uses spoken dialogue, 2 acts

orchestral art song/ lied

late romantic genre for soloist and orchestra

piano trio

piano,violin, cello

piano quintet

piano and string quartet 2 violin, viola, cellist

singspiel

german opera genre, using spoken dialogue(no recitative)along with arias, duets, choral numbers, etc; plots are often fantastic or exotic and common characters are often included; more like a play with music

popular in middle class

sonata

genre of chamber music in one of two formats

multi movement for piano alone

multi movement for solo and accompaniment

usuallt three movements, fast slow fast

song cycle

group of songs designed to be performed in sequence as a single entity. Usually all of the songs are by the same composer and use words from the same poet. A song cycle is unified by reference to a particular theme or by telling a story.

string quartet

classical music genre: 2 violin, viola, cello

suite/orchestral suite

ordered set of instrumental or orchestral/concert band pieces

symphonic poem

programmatic piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source

symphony

elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in sonata form. Instrumental genre for orchestra alone

woodwind quintet

flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn and bassoon

String Quartet No.4 in Bflat Major

Maddelena Sirmen

form: minuet,

texture: homophonic

symphony no 5 in C minor

Beethoven

de de de duhhhh

third and fourth movement elided together

Sonata No. 14 in C#Minor

Beethoven

three movements

first: sonata form, adagio

Piano Trio in G minor

Clara Schumann

first movement of four

sonata form movement

piano trio genre: violin, cello, piano

Frauenliebe 1.

Robert Schumann

genre: art song

ensemble: piano and soloist soprano

form: strophic- set to same music

Fraunliebe no 8.

through composed

none of the music is the same

more dramatic and single chords

Nocturne in G minor

chamber music

genre: character piece

Die Walkure

Richard Wagner

male opera singer

part of the four part cycle of the Ring drama

genre: music drama

MAdama butterfly

Puccini

example of exoticism

use of percussion instruments

tragic opera uses recitatives and aria

nonet in eflat

Louis Farrenc

scherzo and adagio

slavonic dances

Antonia Durvak

inspired by plantation songs of black face minstrels

genre: orchestral suite

where did Dorvak look for authentic sources of indegneous music for hus czech works

He asked Henry Burleigh, a black student to sing him sprituals and plantation songs from the south, he asked the music critic Henry Krehbiel for transcriptions of Amerindian melodies; he probably also studied Theodore Baker’s book Über die Musik der nordamerikanischen Wilden(Concerning the Music of North American Indians 1882), which contained transcriptions of Amerindian melodies

In what ways were Dvořák and Beach in general agreement regarding what constituted appropriate musical source materials for the creation of a nationalistic music in any country

importance in drawing from folk and exotic indegenous sources to make unique music