Haloalkanes

What mechanism do haloalkanes to alcohols undergo

Nucleophilic substitution

What is hydrolysis

The breaking of a bond in a molecule in a solution with hydroxide or water

Name 3 main nucleophiles

Water, ammonia and OH- ion

What reagents and conditions are there for the hydrolysis of a haloalkane

NaOH and heated under reflux

How does carbon-halogen bond strength vary down the group

The average bond enthalpy decreases

How does bond enthalpy of carbon-halogen bond affect the rate of hydrolysis

The larger the bond enthalpy of the carbon-halogen bond, the slower the reaction rate

How to measure rate of hydrolysis

Add aqueous silver nitrate, so precipitate is formed as halide is released into solution. This has to be done with ethanol and water so the haloalkane doesn’t form a separate layer

What is a cfc

Chlorofluorocarbon

Why is depletion of the ozone layer dangerous

Because more UVB radiation will hit humans which can cause genetic damage and skin cancer

Is hydrolysis quicker in tertiary or primary haloalkanes and why

Tertiary because it uses a two step mechanism instead of a one step mechanism like primary

Where does the nucleophile attack in hydrolysis

The opposite side of the carbon atom to the functional group

How does a nitrogen oxide radical react in the ozone layer (equations)

Acts as a catalyst

How does a chlorine radical (as a catalyst) react in the atmosphere

How do OH radicals react in the ozone layer

Test for haloalkanes

add silver nitrate and ethanol and heat to 50 C

Chloroalkane = white precipitate

Bromoalkane = cream precipitate

Iodoalkane = yellow