CT 240 Spinello CH1

Lessig describes 4 constraints that regulate how we act in the real world, what are they?

Law, Norms, The Market, and The Architecture

What are laws

Rules imposed by the government that are enforced through ex post sanctions

What are social norms

expressions of the community

What is the Market

regulates through the price it sets for goods and services

What is Architecture

the physical constraints on our behavior

What are cultural norms

nothing more than vatribler social action guides, completely relative and dpendent n a given social or cultrual enviorment

What are ethics

the moral principles and norms of justice that apply to all human choices

Accoding to Moor what is happiness

pleasure and the absence of pain

How does Jacques Ellul define technique

the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having absolute efficiency in every field of human activity.W

What is “Iron Cage”

a term by Max Weber to describe how technology locks us in to certain ways of being or patterns of behavior

what is utilitarianism/consequentialism

Developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (British Philosophers) it states “the right course of action is to promote the general good” )least evil for the most good)

rights-based analysis or contractarianism

to look at moral issues not from the perspective of consequences from the viewpoint of the human right that may be at stake.

What is a right

an entitlement or a claim to certain things or actions that impose an obligation or duty on others.

What is a negative right

a right that implies one is free from external interference in one’s affairs

What is a positive right

a right that implies a requirement that the holder of this right be provided with whatever one needs to pursue ones legitimate interests.

Moral Duty framework is

Created by Immanuel Kant and implies that “one should be motivated by duty or obligation rather than the achievement of optimal results

What are perfect duties

duties that we are always obliged to follow

What are imperfect duties

duties to develop one’s talents where the individual has the latitude to fulfill this duty using many different means.

What are the seven prima facie moral duties

One ought to keep promises and tell the truth (fidelity).

One ought to right the wrongs that one has inflicted on others (reparation).

One ought to distribute goods justly (justice).

One ought to improve the lot of others with respect to virtue, intelligence, and happiness (beneficence).

One ought to improve oneself with respect to virtue and intelligence (self-improvement).

One ought to exhibit gratitude when appropriate (gratitude).

One ought to avoid injury to others (noninjury).

What is Finnis set of basis human goods

life, health, and security; knowledge (including aesthetic appreciation); skillful performance at work and play (for its own sake); friendship; marriage and good family relationships; harmony with God; and practical reasonableness.

What is natural law

a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct.

What is the first principal of Morality

keep ones choices open to integral human fulfillment

What is the golden rule

Do to others as you would wish them to do to you

Floridi proposes his more ecological macroethics, or information ethics (IE) has 3 major ideas. What are they

orthocentric, ecological, and patient-oriented.

What is ontocentric

all entitles in the universe both animate and inanimate, are informational objects or clusters of data and this common feature endows them with some moral value

why is information ethics patient orenited

it is concerned with what qualifies as a moral patient,

Beauchamp and Childress’s 4 principles

autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice.

What is Atonomy

one’s capacity to be autonomous or self-determining.

What is Nonmaleficence

Above all, do no harm.

What is benefeicince

we should act in such a way that we advance the welfare of other people when we are able to do so.

when should we help other

1. the need is serious or urgent

2. We have knowledge or awareness of the situation

3. We have the capability to provide assistance

What does justice require

fair treatment and impartiality.