Module 9 anat

external expiration gas exchange - movement of gas across membranes.

• air and blood exchange gas

• inspired o2 move across membranes of alveoli and capillaries into bloodm while co2 moves in opposite direction and out of the body via expiration

• internal is gas exchange between blood and body cells

gas conditioning - warming and cleansing before entering lungs (3)

• in nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

• air swirls to warm and humidify

• cleansed of particulate matter through contact with mucosal lining of respiratory epithelium

how is sound produced

• expiration of air through vocal cords of larynx

• help from the teeth, lips, tongue

olfactory epithelium (2)

• covers top of nasal cavitiy

• air molecules dissolve in mucus to stimulate the receptors and travel through CN 1

respiratory tract epithelium + cells (4)

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar

• apical surface cover in ciliar to help increase surface area for conditioning air

• ciliar trap particules and microorganisms to sweep back up and out thru nose and mouth

• have goblet cells to make mucus that produce moisture and trap stuff

conducting portion of the respiratory system (7) - transfers air from outside to lung tissue

• nose/nasal cavity

• paranasal sinuses

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• primary, secondary, tert brochi

• terminal bronchioles

respiratory portion (4) - transfer gases between pulmonary capillaries and lungs, walls one cell thick

• resp rochioles

• alveolar ducts

• alveolar sacs

• alveoli

paranasal sinuses are paired (4)

• frontal sinus

• sphenoid

• ethmoid

• maxillary

nasal cavity (is covered in RTE) boundaries (6)

roof - in skull (aka ethmoid

floor - hard palate (roof of the mouth))

medial wall - nmakes up nasal septum (vertica bones in skull)

lateral walls - have. nasal cohcar to make turbulence in air for catch debris and conditioning

anterior obrder - made by the nares (opening betwn nose and nasal cavity)

posterior border - opening to nasopharync (choanae) where nasal cavity connect to pharynx

olfactory epithelium (2)

• pseudostratified ciliates columnar

• bipolar olfactor receptor neurons

pharynx (2)

connects nasal cavity with larynx

also connects oral cavity with esophaguys (digesstive)

3 components of pharynx

1. nasopharynx - most superior, RTEpithelium

2. oropharynx - middle,PART OF BOTH RESP AND DIG system to pass either air or food from nasal or oral cavity. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

3. laryngopharynx - ALSO PART OF BOTH. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

larynx aka voice box

• produces sound

• connects pharynx with trachea and prevents food from entering trachea

3 cartilages of the larynx

1. epiglottis - elastic, pevent food from passing into trachea (windpipe). when swallowing it flips to cover trachea

2. Thyroid cartilage - hyaline that helps attach many muscles and also vocal cords

3. Cricoid cartilage - hyaline ring that attaches muscles and vocal cords. narrow anterior broad postierior

vocak cords (2) - attached to largyngeal cartilages vibrating when air forced out of lungs to make sound

• true vocal cords (make sound)

• false vocal cords: flap to ptotect

trachea aka windpipe (3)

extend from larynx to T4/T5

• splits at junction at that point called the carina

• functions to conduct air to lung

• made of 15-20 C-shaped rings

3 histological layers of trachea

1. mucosa - lined with RTE to clear debris or pathogens

2. submucosa - middle, made of areolar connective tissue LOOSE, has large vessels + nerves, mucus secreting glands

3. adventitia - outer layer that is CT and encloses the c-shaped rings that make the trachea flexible and durable

end of conducting portion, bronchi divide: (4)

• primary bronchi

• secondary bronchi

• tert

• terimnal BRONCHIOLES - thin walled tube for gas exchange, less diameter

right lung vs left (3)

• lobed: right has 3 (superior, mid, inferior). left has 2 (no middle)

• fissures: two, horizontal and oblique (diagonal) for right. left has the oblique

• left has cardiac notch in superior lobe and the lingula that covers the heart

apex surface of lung

most superior point, sits above rib 1

diaphragmatic surface of lung

just superior to diaphragm is a surfacet aht rests on it

costal surface of lung

• curves laterally

mediastinal surface of lung

• medial surface, has entry and exit points for all vessels and airways at a structure known as HILUS

pleura (2 membranes)

• secretes pleural fluid to fill the pleural space between the two that lube it and let it slide during inflation and deflation

• parietal: serous membrane attached to walls and floor of thoracic cavity. continuous at HILUS with viseral

• visceral attached to surrface of lung

respiratory bronchioles

• terminal bronchiles make these

• fthin walled ducts with simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

• branch until alveoli

alveoli

• functional unit of lung where gas exch takes place

• has capillaries to maximuze o2/co2 echange