Interpretation of Data

Deductive Phase

Beginning with a theory, developing hypotheses from that theory, and then collecting and analyzing data to test those hypotheses.

Inductive Phase

Primarily use detailed readings of raw data to derive concepts, themes, or a model through interpretations made from the raw data by an evaluator or researcher.

Interpretation

True meaning of the material presented, in terms of purposes, chapter, and section of topics. Should include wider implications, include hints of conclusion

Textual, Tabular, & Graphic

Three modes of presenting data

Textual

Embraces the discussion of analysis of data

Tabular

Presenting data of the study through tables

Graphic

Presenting data through graphs, charts, and other devices

Quantification and Description
of Data

Measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers.

Classification of Data

Practice of organizing and categorizing data elements according to pre-defined criteria.

Sorting and Tabulating of Data

A systematic and logical representation of numeric data in rows and columns to facilitate comparison and statistical analysis.

Tables and Figures

Numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns and any type of illustration (chart, graph, photograph, drawing maps …) other than a table.

Statistics

Branch of science that deals with the collection, organization, analysis of data and drawing of inferences from the samples to the whole population

Descriptive Statistics

Specific methods basically used to calculate, describe, and summarize collected research data in a logical, meaningful, and efficient way.

Frequency Distribution

Organized tabulation/graphical representation of the number of individuals in each category on the scale of measurement.

Measures of Central Tendency

A summary measure attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution.

Measures of Variability

A summary statistic that represents the amount of dispersion in a dataset.

Inferential Statistics

Use measurements from the sample of subjects in the experiment to compare the treatment groups and make generalizations about the larger population of subjects

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizes data collected for a sample population. A means of describing features of a data set by generating summaries about data samples

Frequency Distribution

Visual displays that organize and present frequency counts so that the information can be interpreted more easily

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, and Mode

Measures of Variability

Range, Standard Deviation, Correlation Coefficient

Mean

Most familiar measure of central tendency

Median

Middle Score of the observations in a distribution from high to low

Mode

Most frequent number

Range

Distance between the highest and the lowest score

Standard Deviation

More stable measure of variability

Correlation Coefficient

Number ranging from -1, indicated negative correlation. through 0, which means no correlation, +1 positive correlation

Probability

Basic Tool of inferential statistics

Statistical Significance

A measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty regarding the true answer