Chapter-13 Genetics and Biotechnology

All of the biology vocabulary for chapter 13

Selective Breeding

When desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generation

Inbreeding

when 2 closely related organisms are bred to have desired traits and to eliminate undesired ones in future generations

test cross

breeding an organism that has an unknown genotype with on that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait

Genetic Engineering

technology that invloves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA

Genome

The total DNA present in the nucleus

Restriction Enzymes

Cells that contain proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA within that sequence

Gel Electricphoresis

A process where an electric current is used to seperate DNA fragments according to size

Recombinant DNA

Newly generated DNA molecules that naturally occur in bacteria and yeast cells

DNA ligase

An enzyme used by cells in DNA repair and replication

Transformation

some bacteria cells take up the recombinant plasmis DNA

Cloning

A process where large numbers of identical bacteria containing the inserted DNA molecules.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A technique that can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region

Transgenic Organism

Some organisms are genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism

DNA FIngerprinting

Separting DNA fragments using gel electricphoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual

Bioinformatics

Creating and maintaing data of biological information

DNA Microarrays

tiny microscopes slides that spotted with DNA fragments

Single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNP)

variations in the DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered.

haplotypes

regions of linked variations in the human genome.

Pharmacogenomics

the study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs

gene therapy

a technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases

genomics

the study of an organism’s genome

Proteomics

the large scale study and cataloging of the structure and functions of proteins in the human body