Kidneys

Pathology

Cortical thinning

Cortex measures less than 1 cm

Acute kidney failure

Sudden decrease in renal function over days or weeks

Most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis

Chronic kidney failure

Gradual decrease in renal function overtime

Most common renal mass

Simple renal cyst

Adpkd , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Hereditary. Adults in their 3rd/4th decade of life. Cortical renal cysts.

Arpkd, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Hereditary. Infants/children. Fatal. Renal failure & portal hypertension. Dilation of renal collecting tubules.

Mcdk, multicystic dysplastic kidney

Early first trimester ureter obstruction → no normal renal tissue. Fetal if bilateral

Unilateral = compensary hypertrophy.

Acquired renal cystic disease

Caused by chronic hemodialysis. Small cysts throughout.

Von hippel-lindau syndrome

Tumors of the central nervous system → develop renal cysts, RCC, adrenal gland tumors

Chronic kidney failure. Small, echogenic. Cortical thinning. Loss of Cortico- medullary differentiation. Renal cysts

Simple renal cyst. Anechoic, smooth walls, posterior enhancement.

Complex renal cyst. septations, debris, irregular borders, papillary projections.

Adpkd , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Bilateral enlarged kidneys, cysts in other organs.

Arpkd, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Dilation of renal collecting tubules

Medullary sponge kidney

Collection of calcium within abnormally dilated ducts.

Medullary sponge kidney

Most common benign renal tumor:

Angiomyolipoma. Blood vessels, muscles, fat

Angiomyolipoma

RCC. Renal cell carcinoma

Primary form of kidney cancer. Most common cause: smoking. Associated with Von hippel-lindau

RCC Renal cell carcinoma

TCC. Renal transitional cell carcinoma

Malignant tumor found in renal pelvis. Also in ureter and bladder. Most common cause: smoking.

Nutcracker syndrome

Compression or entrapment of lett renal vein as it passes through SMA & ao.