Solar Energy, Climate, Atmosphere

What is the solar constant?

The average incoming solar radiation at the top of Earth’s atmosphere (343 W/m²/s).

Why is sunlight strongest at 0° latitude?

Because overhead sunlight hits a smaller area → energy concentrated → highest productivity.

Why are the poles cooler and less productive?

Sunlight arrives at a low angle → energy spread over larger area → less heating.

What causes seasons on Earth?

The 23.5° tilt of Earth’s axis → Northern or Southern Hemisphere tilts toward/away from the sun.

Why does Ohio experience strong seasonal temperature variation?

Because it is far from the equator → solar angle changes dramatically throughout the year.