us history topic 4

ACKKKK

the Spanish-American War was in 1898

when was the Spanish American War?

Yellow Journalism

term for when media exaggerates stories

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

reperations

term for paying money for damages caused

• Militarism

countries increase army size (Germany increased navy size to compete w/ GB), european leaders expected war, war involves most tech ever seen before

• Alliances

if one country went to war, others would follow

• Imperialism

economic goods to increase individual wealth, start carving colonies (in Africa, Pacific Island, China), industrial output + trade + overseas empires measure wealth and power

• Nationalism

devotion to ones nation + ethnic group

leads to destabilization of old multinational empires (ex: Austria-Hungary)

causes of WW1

Triple Alliance/ Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente/ Allied Powers

France, Russia, Great Britain

assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationals

first catalyst of WW1

• Russia mobilizes to help Serbia against Austria-Hungary

• Germany (A-H ally) declares war against Russia and Belgium

• France (Russia ally) declares war against Germany

• Great Britain (Belgium and France ally) declares war against Germany

how alliances respond to WW1 catalyst

trench warfare (dug series of trenches to protect against new tech)

type of warfare used in WW1

• machine guns

• poison gas

• airplanes (reconnaissance/survey/analyze)

• tanks (to plow through battlefield, fails due to terrain)

new tech used in WW1

impartial

Woodrow Wilson calls for Americans to be..

• most side with Great Britain and France (due to stronger ties)

• British journalists + propagandists stress Germany brutality

why Americans begin taking sides

• isolationists

neutral, not US business

• interventionists

wants US to intervene, war affects them

• internationalists

thinks US should play a role in making peace, but NOT enter war

3 positions in US regarding WW1 opinion

• National Defense Act

army size expanded

• Naval Construction Act

build more warships

Wilson prepares for war, Congress passes 2 acts:

• U-Boats

submarines from Germany hurting non-military US vessels, provokes violence

• Zimmerman telegram

German message intercepted by Great Britain, sent to US, says if Mexico wars with US, the war will be over and Germany will help Mexico defeat US and get Mexican lands back

2 main reasons why US enters WW1

• expanding army

Wilson encourages Americans to volunteer

passes Selective Service Act

• controls information

most Americans didn’t understand why US entered war in 1917

committee on public info educates American public, uses speeches, propoganda posters

• manages economies

national economic shift from peacetime to wartime production

council of national defense (federal administrative agencies oversee different war effort phases)

war industries board (regulates all industries engaged in war effort, determines what products made and cost)

food administration (set food price, victory gardens: encourage people to grow their own food to support soldiers)

3 ways US mobilizes for war

made it required for men (ages 21-45) to register for military service during WW1

Selective Service Act

Germany would

• pay reparations

• disarm (shrink army)

• lose territories

• give up all overseas colonies

ex: League of Nations established

Treaty of Versailles provisions

• solves submarine problem

• groups of merch ships sail together, protected by warship (mutual safety at sea!)

convoying

• separate peace treaty signed between Russia and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

• Russia withdraws from WW1 (due to Bolsheviks gaining power, doesn’t want to fight in world war)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• additional American troops join

• fresh legs from countries tired out from war

• ends stalemate, Germany surrenders (1918)

result of stalemate between Germany and US and why

• proposed by President Woodrow Wilson

• “Peace without victory”, Wilson believes declaring victory would humiliate Germany, leading to unsteady peace

• encouraged independence, open diplomacy, trade freedom, end colonialism, reduction in arms, League of Nation forms

14 Points

• Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson’s idealism didn’t inspire other Allied Leaders

• Allies blamed Germany and wanted punishment

Paris Peace Conference

• most of senate Isolationist (neutral, didn’t want international involvement w/ others)

• most people objected to League of Nation (didn’t want involvement internationally)

why Americans rejected the Treaty of Versailles

• had to fight with returning soldiers for jobs

• led to tense race relations, hotspots in Chicago and Tulsa

postwar issues for African Americans (+ hotspots for…)

• rising prices, value doesn’t increase

• consumer goods price go up, agriculture goods price go down

• wages not high enough to buy

inflation

• mass production (more affordable)

• scientific management, looked at plants (for ways to improve efficiency)

• assemble lines (12 hours to 90 minutes to make a car)

• worker gains (raise + 8 hour workday + weekends off)

result of Henry Ford’s automobile

• economic growth in other industries related to infrastructure (steel, glass, rubber, asphalt, wood, petroleum, insurance, road-construction industries, etc all grew)

• gave people more autonomy

• allowed people to live in suburbs + commute to work

• became symbol of American dream + high living standard

automobile’s changes brought to Americans

flood of new and affordable goods become available to public

consumer revolution

magazines and newspapers focused on desires and fears of Americans rather than what they needed

advertising

• buying on credit

• pay a little at a time rather than all at once (but interest accumulates overtime..)

installment buying

period of rising stock market

Bull Market

• pay ~10% of stock to broker, pays broker little overtime (but if you buy stock and stock falls, you still have to pay broker..)

• form of buying on credit

buying on margin

• allows for innovation

• gov not in control of pricing, leads to successful businesses thriving and getting richer, poor performing businesses fail

free enterprise

• Urban

immigrants settle in cities

farmer leave for cities

cities grow + change shape

• Suburban

improved mass transportation + affordable automobiles lead to expansion

caters to upper + middle class, inner cities decline

• Rural

farmers suffer from debt + falling farm prices

urban, suburban, rural areas

• Andrew Mellon named Secretary of Treasury

supported legislation to advance business interests

favored low taxes for people + corporations

cut gov spending so we had surplus instead of debt

• Harding signs bill, raises protective tariffs to make it easier for Americans to sell goods

• reduce gov regulation of business

• faced w/ scandal for being “too nice”

Charles Forbes: Head of Veterans Bureau (betrayed Harding’s trust, sold medicine of black market)

Teapot Dome scandal: Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, bribed oil companies to circumvent competitive bidding

Harding Administration (1920-1923)

• continues following goals of Secretary Mellon

reduce national debt

trimming federal budget

lowers taxes, gives incentives for business (unemployment rate goes from 6% to 3%)

• problems

farmers struggle to keep land, good prices fall

labor union demands

African American discrimination

Calvin Coolidge Administration (1923-1929)

• Naval Disarmament Conference

• Kellogg-Briand Act

• Dawes Plan

Harding and Coolidge Administration want to prevent another war, leads to..

• limit warship construction

• settled problems of west + Japan

Naval Disarmament Conference

treaty to outlaw war (not enforceable…)

Kellogg-Briand Act

• arrange loans to Germany so they can pay back Britain and France for WW1 reparations

• so Britain and France can pay US

• leads to problem, Germany stops paying their loans…

Dawes Plan

• modernism

• education

• religion

new american values

emphasis on science + secular (non religious) values

new: modernism

• rural areas don’t see importance of academics

• formal education more important in urban (different with low paying un-skilled job + higher pay positions, more go to college)

new: education

many feel Christianity under siege worldwide, traditional views resurge (fundamentalism + Scopes Trial)

new: religion

Tennessee passes law making it illegal to teach Darwin’s theory in public schools…

Scopes Trial (1925)

the belief that every word is Bible is truth

fundamentalism

• a wave of widespread fear of communists in US

• Palmer raids

• Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Red Scare

• gave substance to scare

• thousands arrested but not charged

Palmer raids

Italian immigrants/anarchists charged w/ robbery + murder, found guilty, no hard evidence

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• temporary quota system, limit yearly immigrants

• 3% of the number of immigrants from any specific category allowed (if 100,000 German immigrants, only 3,000 allowed)

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

• makes Emergency Quota Act permanent

• lowered from 3% to 2% from each category allowed

National Origins Act (1924)

• felt immigrants took away jobs

• threatened America’s culture

why nativism resurges during immigration in 1920s

intelligence and other favorable traits were passed on and inherited

eugenics

tied to eugenics — sought to exclude “weaker” or “inferior traits”

social darwinism

• prohibition; alcohol banned

• banned manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol in US

18th Amendment (1919)

• bootleggers

• established speakeasies (underground bars)

• “rum-runners”

• organized crime

ways around prohibition

• labor unions (most immigrants + radicals)

• NAACP; anti-lynching campaign

• Jewish Anti-Defamation League; reduce anti-semitic slurs in newspapers

KKK opps..

• originally formed in South during Reconstruction to terrorize African Americans who wanted to vote (after 15th Amendment passed)

why KKK was originally formed

• bribed politicians

• stole member dues (price to join organization)

• lied to its members

Klan leaders..

• work weeks fell from 70 hours to 40 hours

• gave workers weekends off

• wages increase, more money to spend

leisure time in 1920s

• brought distant events to millions of homes

• allowed people to listen to same music

• learned same fashionable dances tiktok style

music and radio

• Charlie Chaplin; The Immigrant

• The Jazz Singer (1927); first movie with sound synced to action

motion pictures

• women felt more liberated

• dresses w/ shorter hem, makeup, dances

• generally had same rights as men

flappers

allowed women to vote

19th amendment

after 19th amendment, women use their political rights for more

• ran for office

• fought for reforms

• laws to protect women and children in workplace

women fight for political rights

pessimistic + skeptical worldview

modernism

• believed human behavior driven not by rational thought but by unconscious desires

• led writers + artists to explore the subconscious mind

Sigmund Freud

• better wages

• growing political voice

• African Americans exist in middle + upper class

• Harlem is focal point for aspiration

migration creates opportunities like..

• forced to live in worst housing

• labor in lowest paying jobs

challenges for migration..

• started Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

• felt that African Americans exploited everywhere

• pushed for African Americans to return to Africa

Marcus Garvey

• combined different music forms

• marked radical changes in social life

Jazz Age

• emerged in South + Midwest

• mainly New Orleans

• w/ Great Migration, people brought their music North

where Jazz Age emerged

the relocation of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South to urban North during 1920s (1915-1930)

The Great Migration

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

• Duke Ellington

popular Jazz Age musicians

• a popular club, played music for all white audiences

• bridge between races

Cotton Club

• suggested a radical break from the past

• African Americans would no longer endure old ways of exploitation and discrimination

“New Negro” and Harlem Renaissance

reflected African Americans’ racial pride and collective historical experience

Harlem Renaissance Art

• Claude McKay

showed ordinary African Americans struggling for dignity and advancement in face of discrimination and economic hardships

• Langston Hughes

• Zora Neale Hurston

Harlem Renaissance Writers and Literature

• gave a voice to African American culture

• altered white viewpoints on African American culture

• created sense of group identity and African American solidarity; would be the bedrock of the civil rights movement

Harlem Renaissance lasting impact

• expressed a degree of disillusion w/ movement’s inability to improve political status and economic opportunities

Langston Hughes viewpoint; critic and writer

the belief that a nation should express nationalism of a single ethnic group..

• created tension

• heightened national rivalries

• threatened minority groups

• nationalist sentiments reflected during competition w/ other nations

why nationalism prevailing in Europe before WW1 contributed to the start of the war

• Germany’s atrocious acts (shown through journalism and sinking of passenger ships)

• Zimmermann Telegram

• German ports being blockaded

why President Wilson changed opinion on US neutrality during WW1

• role changed in order to maintain the war efforts

• Council of National Defense creates new array of federal agencies in order to oversee war effort

how federal government’s role changed during WW1

• deaths of ~50,000,000 people

• deaths of ~675,000 Americans

• created global-wide dread

impact of the Great Influenza pandemic after WW1

• road construction booming

• numbered highways

• service stations, diners, etc

impact of automobile industry on residential patterns

• booming economy

• automobiles

• improved mass transportation

important changes that affected 1920s consumer experience

tracer ammunition

improvement in air warfare implemented by British in 1916

• chlorine gas (1915)

causes slow, painful death by destroying respiratory system

• Big Bertha (1914)

mobilizer howitzer gun; can fire a 2,200 lb shell over 9 miles

• flame thrower (1915)

releases a directed stream of burning liquid

weapons used by the Germans + when first used

• favoring growth of business rather than pursuing reform

• appointed officials faced scandal

• reflected beginning of political corruption and greed

describe corruption existing within Harding administration + how it affected public

• farmers struggling with land + falling prices

• labor unions demanding higher wages + better working conditions

• Mexicans receiving low wages

not addressed since Coolidge believed it was “beyond the federal government’s role to help create an ideal nation”

social + economic problems not addressed during Coolidge administration

can track..

• missiles

• enemy aircrafts

• hostile activity

• send forces to deal with threats

why the ability to observe is a key advantage of airplanes in war

carries cameras and electronic sensing equipment to collect information about possible threats

reconnaissance aircraft

• serves as a command center in the air

• w/ advanced radar, can track enemy aircraft and missiles

• can quickly call forces to deal with threat

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

• films transcended language; millions of immigrants spoke little English

• extremely affordable

why silent pictures were ideal entertainment in 1920s

the flapper symbolized “a revolution in manners and morals” for women

how flapper related to lives of most women

benefits

• better wages

• ability to pursue professions

• growing political voice

downfalls

• discrimination

• racism

• low pay

• poor housing

discuss benefits and downfalls of African American life in the North

• emphasized the celebration of African Americans’ unique culture

• promoted his vision of a racially integrated society

importance of Langston Hughes writing during Harlem Renaissance