[04.19] Introduction to Infectious Disease, Agents of Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Agents of Bioterrorism and Warfare V2.pdf

Infectious diseases

According to a 2019 study by the WHO, what has remained one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide?

emerging and re-emerging infections

What type of infections does the subspecialty of infectious disease keep an eye on, in addition to diagnosing and managing present communicable infections?

previously gone, unrecognized, or a novel strain to a microbe

In the context of infectious disease monitoring, what characterizes emerging and re-emerging diseases?

HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections

What three specific infection types are the Global Health Sector Strategies focusing on for the period 2022 to 2030?

to end AIDS and the epidemics of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections by 2030

What is the major goal promoted by the Global Health Sector Strategies using disease-specific goals?

to end AIDS

What specific goal related to a disease epidemic is promoted by the GHSS to be achieved by 2030?

0.025

What is the target reduction of incidents with HIV per 1000 uninfected population by 2030, according to the GHSS?

0.05

What is the target reduction of incidents with HIV per 1000 uninfected population by 2025, according to the GHSS?

five

How many strategic directions are included in the GHSS that guide priority actions over eight years?

Deliver high-quality, evidence-based, people-centered services

Name one of the five strategic directions of the GHSS related to service delivery.

Optimize systems, sectors and partnerships for impact

Name one of the five strategic directions of the GHSS related to optimizing organizational structures.

Generate and use data to drive decisions for action

Name one of the five strategic directions of the GHSS related to information management.

Engage empowered communities and civil society

Name one of the five strategic directions of the GHSS related to community involvement.

Foster innovations for impact

Name one of the five strategic directions of the GHSS related to adopting new ideas.

0.17

What is the global value for new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population?

Western Pacific

The Philippines ranks 3rd highest in new HIV infections in which global region?

0.24

What is the rate of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population reported for the Philippines?

The Philippines

Which specific country in the Western Pacific region is noted for having 0.24 new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population?

3rd highest

What rank does the Philippines hold for new HIV infections in the Western Pacific region?

reduction in TB cases and deaths

What is the general goal established by the End TB Strategy milestones and targets?

90% reduction in the number of TB deaths

What is the 2030 target for the reduction in TB deaths, compared to 2015 levels?

80% reduction in the TB incidence

What is the 2030 target for the reduction in TB incidence, compared to 2015 levels?

2015 levels

The 2030 targets for the End TB Strategy are compared against the data from which year?

35% reduction in the number of TB deaths

What is the 2020 milestone for the reduction in TB deaths?

20% reduction in the TB incidence rate

What is the 2020 milestone for the reduction in the TB incidence rate?

“No TB patients and their households face catastrophic costs as a result of TB disease”

What qualitative milestone related to financial burden was set by the End TB Strategy for 2020?

WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030

What technical framework was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 to guide malaria control and elimination?

To guide and support regional and country programmes

What is the intended purpose of the WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030 for malaria-endemic countries?

at least 90% by 2030

What is the global target for reducing malaria case incidence by 2030?

at least 90% by 2030

What is the global target for reducing malaria mortality rates by 2030?

35 countries

How many countries is the WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030 globally targeting for malaria elimination by 2030?

Preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free

What is the global target related to maintaining the malaria-free status of countries?

129 million

According to the source, what was the approximate incidence per year reported for COVID-19?

9 million

According to the source, what was the approximate incidence per year reported for Tuberculosis (TB)?

2.6 million

According to the source, what was the approximate mortality per year reported for COVID-19?

1.2 million

According to the source, what was the approximate mortality per year reported for Tuberculosis (TB)?

Very widespread

What classification is given to COVID-19 based on its reported incidence?

Widespread

What classification is given to Tuberculosis based on its reported incidence?

100 million to 1 billion new cases per year

What range of new cases per year defines 'Very widespread infectious diseases'?

1 million to 100 million new cases per year

What range of new cases per year defines 'Widespread infectious diseases'?

COVID-19

Which disease surpassed the incidence of Tuberculosis less than a year into its global pandemic?

December 2019

When did the global COVID-19 pandemic emerge?

R0 = 2

What is the average basic reproduction number (R0) reported for COVID-19?

R0 = 11

What is the average basic reproduction number (R0) reported for Dengue?

R0

What is the abbreviation for the average basic reproduction number used to classify contagiousness?

Contagious

How is COVID-19 classified in terms of contagiousness based on its R0 value?

Extremely contagious

How is Dengue classified in terms of contagiousness based on its R0 value?

R0 = 1 to 5

What range of the average basic reproduction number (R0) classifies infectious diseases as 'Contagious'?

R0 = 7 to 12

What range of the average basic reproduction number (R0) classifies infectious diseases as 'Extremely contagious'?

Newly emerging infectious diseases, Re-emerging infectious diseases, Deliberately emerging infectious diseases, and Accidentally emerging infectious diseases

What are the four major categories of Emerging Infectious Disease?

Diseases recognized in humans for the first time

What is the description of 'Newly emerging infectious diseases'?

HIV/AIDS, Nipah virus, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19

Name four examples of newly emerging infectious diseases listed in the source.

Diseases that have historically infected humans but continue to reappear either in new locations or in resistant forms

What is the description of 'Re-emerging infectious diseases'?

West Nile Virus in the United States and Russia, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus

Name two examples of re-emerging infectious diseases.

Deliberately emerging infectious diseases

Which category of EID includes diseases associated with intent to harm?

Agents for mass bioterrorism

What is an example of a deliberately emerging infectious disease agent?

Diseases created by humans that are released unintentionally

What is the description of 'Accidentally emerging infectious diseases'?

epizootic vaccinia and transmissible vaccine-derived polioviruses

Name two examples of accidentally emerging infectious diseases.

Accidentally emerging infectious diseases

Which category of EID includes diseases created by humans released unintentionally, like transmissible vaccine-derived polioviruses?

brand new

How does Dr. Anthony Fauci characterize emerging infections?

smallpox and tuberculosis

Give two examples of current established infections that were once recognized as emerging at one time in the history of evolution?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

What is the prototype of an emerging infection, first recognized in 1981?

1981

In what year was HIV/AIDS first recognized, although it was likely around for decades prior?

20th century

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is referred to as a new infection of which century?

The human species has never had a pandemic of AIDS before

What reason is given for considering HIV/AIDS a classical emerging infection?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Which emerging infection only lasted for 1 year and dissipated spontaneously?

Spontaneously

How did the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) disease dissipate?

reappear under different circumstances

How does Dr. Anthony Fauci characterize re-emerging infections?

different location, different form, or different region

In what three ways might a re-emerging infection reappear?

West Nile Virus in the US

What is an example of a re-emerging infection that reappeared in a different location?

Africa and the Middle East

Where was West Nile Virus endemic for centuries before coming to the US?

by either a bird, mosquito, or a person

What are the three ways West Nile Virus was likely brought to the US according to the source?

Kennedy or LaGuardia airport

In what two locations near New York City were the first cases of West Nile Virus likely reported in the US?

endemic at a relatively low level in the US

What is the current status of West Nile Virus in the US after its re-emergence?

drug-resistant malaria or multiple drug-resistant TB

What is an example of a re-emerging infection that reappeared in a drug-resistant form?

Environmental changes

Deforestation, damming, changes in water ecosystems, flood, drought, and famine are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Deforestation, damming, or other changes in water ecosystems

Name two specific environmental changes listed as contributing factors to disease emergence.

Human behavior

Sexual behavior, drug use, and outdoor recreation are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Drug use

Name a factor under Human behavior that contributes to disease emergence.

Socioeconomic and demographic phenomena

War, poverty, population growth and migration, and urban decay are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Poverty

Which socioeconomic factor contributes to disease emergence?

Urban decay

Name a factor under Socioeconomic and demographic phenomena that contributes to disease emergence.

Travel and commerce

Highways and international air travel are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

International air travel

Name a factor under Travel and commerce that contributes to disease emergence.

Food production

Globalization of food supplies, changes in food processing, and packaging methods are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Globalization of food supplies

What aspect of food production is listed as a contributing factor to disease emergence?

Health care

New medical devices, blood transfusions, organ and tissue transplantation, drugs causing immunosuppression, widespread use of antibiotics, and comorbid conditions are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Widespread use of antibiotics

Name a factor under Health care that contributes to disease emergence.

Organ and tissue transplantation

Which health care factor contributes to disease emergence?

Microbial adaptation

New viral strains arising through mutation, recombination or reassortment, resulting in changes in transmissibility, virulence, or drug resistance are factors categorized under what heading?

Mutation, recombination, or reassortment

Name two ways new viral strains arise resulting in microbial adaptation.

Public health measures

Inadequate sanitation and vector control measures, curtailment of prevention programs, and lack of trained personnel are factors contributing to disease emergence categorized under what heading?

Inadequate sanitation and vector control measures

Name one specific public health measure inadequacy listed as a contributing factor.

Lassa Fever

What disease, caused by the Arenaviridae family, had urbanization and nosocomial transmission listed as contributing factors to its emergence?

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

What disease, caused by the Filoviridae family, had unknown natural reservoir and nosocomial transmission listed as contributing factors to its emergence?

Legionella pneumophila (bacterium)

What infectious agent, first recognized in 1977, emerged due to cooling and plumbing systems?

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

What disease, caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, emerged due to mass food production systems?

Borrelia burgdorferi (bacterium)

What infectious agent is responsible for Lyme borreliosis, which emerged due to conditions favoring the tick vector and deer near homes (reforestation)?

AIDS

What disease, caused by HIV, had migration to cities, global travel, transfusions, organ transplants, intravenous drug use, and multiple sexual partners listed as contributing factors to its emergence?

Gastric ulcers

What condition, caused by Helicobacter pylori, was newly recognized as due to an infectious agent in 1983?