Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Exam 3 review, covering problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and cognitive development.

Problem Solving

Finding a solution to a problem.

IDEAL Framework

Identify, Define, Explore, Act, Look back.

Initial State

The current state of the problem.

Goal State

The desired outcome of the problem.

Well-defined Problems

Problems with clear goals and solutions.

Ill-defined Problems

Problems with unclear goals and solutions.

Problem Space

The mental representation of a problem.

Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems.

Think Aloud Protocol

Verbalizing thoughts while solving a problem.

Trial-and-Error

Trying different solutions until one works.

Means-ends Strategy

Reducing the difference between the initial and goal states.

Mental Set

A tendency to approach problems in a particular way.

Functional Fixedness

Inability to see an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

Analogical Transfer

Using the solution from a similar problem to solve a new one.

Isomorphic Problems

Problems with the same underlying structure but different surface details.

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Incubation

Taking a break from a problem to allow for unconscious processing.

Three-Process Theory of Insight

Representational change theory, constraint relaxation theory, and chunk decomposition theory.

Fixation/Conformity

Sticking to one idea or approach, hindering problem-solving.

Mind-wandering/Absentmindedness

Thoughts drifting away from the task at hand.

Reasoning

The process of drawing conclusions from information.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning from specific observations to general principles.

Syllogistic Reasoning

Reasoning with statements containing premises and conclusions.

Conditional Reasoning

Reasoning with 'if-then' statements.

Single-process Theories

Theories that assume one type of cognitive process.

Dual-process Theories

Theories that assume two types of cognitive processes.

Probability Heuristics Model

Using probabilities to make inferences.

Mental Models Theory

Constructing mental representations to draw conclusions.

Analogical Reasoning

Using similarities between situations to draw conclusions.

Verification Strategy

Seeking evidence to confirm your hypothesis.

Falsification Strategy

Seeking evidence to disprove your hypothesis.

Type I Process

Automatic and intuitive thinking.

Type II Process

Controlled and analytical thinking.

Scientific Reasoning

Involves forming hypothesis and testing them.

Goals

Desired outcomes one is trying to achieve.

General Model of Decision Making

Identify, define, generate, evaluate, select.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used in decision-making.

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about groups of people.

Availability Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind.

Anchoring Effects

Making judgments based on initial values.

Framing Bias

The way information is presented can affect decision-making.

Loss Aversion Bias

The tendency to avoid losses more than you want to acquire equivalent gains.

Ideal Decision-Making Model

A comprehensive model of how decisions should be made.

Elimination-by-Aspects Strategy

Eliminating options based on specific criteria.

Expected Utility Theory

Choosing the option with the highest expected value.

Prospect Theory

People make decisions based on potential gains and losses relative to a reference point.

Satisficing

Choosing the first option that is 'good enough'.

Temporal Discounting

Choosing immediate vs. delayed rewards.

Decoy Effect

Adding an option to influence choice.

Conjunction Fallacy

Combining probabilities incorrectly to make a seemingly more likely decision.

Habituation

Decreased response to repeated stimuli.

Violation-of-Expectation

Infants look longer at unexpected events.

Telegraphic Speech

Early form of speech with essential words only.

Interactionist Approach

Language development through social interaction and cues.

Implicit & Explicit Memory Development

Unconscious vs. conscious memory development.

Childhood Amnesia

Inability to recall early childhood memories.

Knowledge Influence on Memory Development

Memory development relies on our breadth of understanding.

Prospective Memory (PM)

Remembering to do things in the future.

Development of Deductive & Inductive Reasoning

The development of logical and general reasoning skills.