Disorders

What are the three criteria of abnormal behavior?

Deviance, Maladaptive, Personal Distress.

What does deviance refer to in the context of abnormal behavior?

Behavior that significantly deviates from societal or cultural norms.

What does maladaptive behavior interfere with?

A person's ability to function effectively in daily life.

What is personal distress in terms of abnormal behavior?

Behavior that causes significant subjective discomfort or emotional pain.

What is the DSM?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

How is the DSM organized?

It is organized into categories of disorders based on shared symptoms and diagnostic criteria.

Who publishes the DSM?

The American Psychiatric Association (APA).

What is the medical model of mental illness?

It views psychological disorders as illnesses with biological causes, diagnosable symptoms, and possible cures.

What is General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Persistent, excessive worry about various things.

What characterizes phobic disorder?

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

What is agoraphobia?

Fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult.

What are the main aspects of PTSD?

Anxiety, flashbacks, and nightmares following a traumatic event.

What is a panic disorder?

Sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort (panic attacks).

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Name two nature causes of anxiety disorders.

Genetic predispositions, imbalances in neurotransmitters.

Name two nurture causes of anxiety disorders.

Learned associations, stressful life events.

Which neurotransmitters are linked to anxiety disorders?

GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine.

What are the characteristics of depression?

Persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and hopelessness.

What does mania entail?

Elevated mood, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior.

What is bipolar disorder?

Alternating periods of depression and mania.

What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

Depression related to changes in seasons (typically less sunlight).

Name two nature causes of mood disorders.

Genetic vulnerability, neurotransmitter imbalances.

Name two nurture causes of mood disorders.

Stressful life events, learned helplessness.

What neurotransmitters are linked to depression?

Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine.

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Additions to normal behavior (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech).

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Deficits in normal behavior (flat affect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation).

What is the difference between a delusion and a hallucination?

Delusion is a false belief; hallucination is a sensory experience without external stimuli.

Which neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia?

Dopamine, with excess activity being implicated.

What characterizes paranoid schizophrenia?

Delusions of persecution or grandeur, hallucinations.

What characterizes disorganized schizophrenia?

Disorganized speech and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect.

What characterizes catatonic schizophrenia?

Motor disturbances (immobility or excessive movement), echolalia.

What does undifferentiated schizophrenia refer to?

Symptoms that don't fit into other subtypes.

What is amnesia as a dissociative disorder?

Loss of memory due to psychological trauma.

What is fugue?

Sudden, unexpected travel away from home with amnesia.

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities.

What controversy is associated with DID?

Debate over whether DID is a genuine disorder or a product of therapist suggestion or cultural factors.

How are personality disorders defined?

Inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning.

What are the characteristics of hysterical personality disorder?

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.

What defines borderline personality disorder?

Instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.

What characterizes narcissistic personality disorder?

Exaggerated sense of self-importance and need for admiration.

What is the defining trait of dependent personality disorder?

Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive behavior.

What is antisocial personality disorder characterized by?

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Define somatoform disorder.

Psychological disorder with physical symptoms but no identifiable physical cause.

What is conversion disorder?

Loss of physical function with no medical explanation.

What is hypochondriasis?

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness.

What are common causes of somatoform disorders?

Psychological factors, such as stress or trauma.

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and refusal to maintain a healthy weight.

Define Bulimia Nervosa.

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging, excessive exercise).

What are the primary causes of eating disorders?

Psychological, sociocultural, and biological factors.

What defines Alzheimer’s disease?

Progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and brain atrophy.

What are the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Tremors, muscle rigidity, and difficulty with movement.

What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive behaviors.

What are the causes of Alzheimer's disease?

Genetic and environmental factors.

What criteria are used to define legal insanity?

M'Naghten Rule, Irresistible Impulse Test, Durham Rule.

What does the M'Naghten Rule assess?

If the person knew what they were doing and understood it was wrong.

What does the Irresistible Impulse Test evaluate?

Whether the person could control their actions.

What does the Durham Rule inquire?

If the unlawful act was a product of mental disease or defect.