Prosody

Segmental

Phones

Supra

above

Prosody

From the Greek prosoidia meaning "song sung to music" - Linguistic, grammar-governed properties that exceed the segmental level (e.g.,declining pitch over the course of an utterance)

Paralinguistics

Nongrammatical influences, including emotion, attitude, and demeanor

Pitch

Perceptual property closely related to frequency of vocal fold vibration – varies from low to high

Loudness

Perceived magnitude or strength of speech signal (acoustic property of intensity) Weak to strong or soft to loud.

Duration

Lengths of units of speech. Affects perceived rhythm and tempo

Syllable

A unit of speech consisting of one vowel or vowel-like element that may be accompanied by surrounding consonants

Sonority

Auditory force that sounds have on the ear. Degree of perceptual prominence, total acoustic energy, vocal tract openness, physiological effort given to produce the sound.

Onset

Can be null, consonant, or consonant cluster.

Rhyme

Nucleus + Coda

Nucleus

Vowel or vowel-like element

Coda

Can be null, consonant, or consonant cluster

Phonotactics

Rules about how phonemes can be combined and when they can occur within a language

Maximal onset principle

Consonants are assigned to the onset of a syllable unless a phonotactically Illegal sequence of consonant would result

Syllabic foot

A group of syllables that contains at least 1 strong and optional weak syllables

Trochee

Strong + weak (Sw)

lamb

Weak + Strong (wS)

Unfooted exceptions

Words that behave as if they have a trochaic foot and one weak

syllable not attached to any foot

Stress

Degree of prominence or emphasis associated with a syllable in a word or with a word in a phrase, clause, or sentence