US History I Honors Unit 1

Events in England during the period of English Settlement

A political Church Reformation was going on Puritans wanted to "purify" the church and focus on faith vs service to the church or bishop 1603- James I ascends the throne This brings hope to Puritans as he brings Calvinism from Scotland. They petition him to get rid of the bishop because of corruption in the Anglican Church James replies with "no bishop, no King"

Spain's dominating discovery of the New World, and its effect on England's history

Spain - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain united the country

• No religious upheaval was seen like there was in the rest of Europe

• Focused on exploration and colonization before other countries

Events in England during the period of English Settlement

A political Church Reformation was going on Puritans wanted to "purify" the church and focus on faith vs service to the church or bishop 1603- James I ascends the throne This brings hope to Puritans as he brings Calvinism from Scotland. They petition him to get rid of the bishop because of corruption in the Anglican Church James replies with "no bishop, no King"

Spain's dominating discovery of the New World, and its effect on England's history

Spain - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain united the country

• No religious upheaval was seen like there was in the rest of Europe

• Focused on exploration and colonization before other countries

Spanish Armada

The main force that blocked English exploration until Queen Elizabeth I summoned every boat in the realm to miraculously destroy it

Sir Walter Raleigh

English adventurer and writer who read a pamphlet by Richard Hakylut "Discourses on Western Planting" that encouraged the formation of colonies.

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration.

Benefits included taxation, raw materials, overflow population, and spread of religion, and a place for younger sons to get land

Three Lessons of Roanoke

1. Too large colonies for 1 person to afford and control

2. A temporary trading post was established, rather than a permanent settlement

3. The crown needed to provide support at all times

James I of Scotland and Patents

London Co., Plymouth Co. receive land granted by [] There is a middle ground to be shared with no settlements within 100 miles

Rights of Englishmen

Term prevalent in seventeenth-century England and America referring to certain historically established rights, beginning with the rights of the Magna Carta, that all English subjects were understood to have. These included the right not to be kept in prison without a trial, the right to trial by jury, security in one's home from unlawful entry, and no taxation without consent, among others.

The "Starving Time" and Jamestown

Winter of 1609-1610, most of the Jamestown populatoin died

Mistakes of Jamestown

• Settlers lacked pioneering skills-- Most were hired laborers with no education

• Settled in a swamp-- Mosquitoes and malaria

• Were focused on looking for gold vs planting crops and settling

• Alienated the Native American tribes (Powhatan)

Changes to Jamestown

• New Leadership: John Smith introduces private property

• New Governance: the colony was divided into boroughs Each elected 2 representatives to the Virginia House of Burgesses

Powhatan War

Wars fought between English settlers of the Virginian colony, and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy. The first two wars ended in peace settlements, but the third war ended in complete defeat of the Indians who were then forced off of their land.

Events of 1619

The Virginia house of Burgesses is created and the first slave ship, the White Lion, lands in the New World

The Pilgrim's first Landing

The pilgrims get blown off course and end up settling in Plymouth after a stop at Cape Cod.

John Carver

A separatist that led a group of like minded people to Holland, but this group felt like their new home was decidedly Un-English and they missed their Rights of Englishmen

50 Year Agreement

A peace treaty signed by William Bradford that said that if any crime was committed against either party (Natives of Puritans), then the criminal had to stand trial according to the other community's customs.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

The Three F's

Fish, Fur, Forest

The Puritan Work Ethic

Puritans didn't work for profit: they put their trust in God and they had to fulfill their duty to him

Doctrine of the Covenant

The church was the ultimate ruling power and everyone had to pay the tithe

Visible Sainthood

To be a member of the church, one had to prove this. At first, anyone who managed to survive in New England was immediately inducted, but later on, achieving this status got significantly harder

Separatists

Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control.

The Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It promised equal rights and a majority government.

Town Meeting

A gathering of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues. Unique to New England

The General Court

A Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen with representatives from each town; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Culture in New England vs Virginia

Virginia was created solely for profit, and didn't see much of a success at first due to there being a shortage of educated and hardworking people. Meanwhile, New England was full of hardworking, educated Puritans that were driven by their religion.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

The Puritan Migration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious belief.

Initially had the people’s support, but then an economic downturn was blamed on him.

He defended the Native’s land and said that taking it away was against the Covenant.

Joined the Providence and Portsmouth communities into the Rhode Island Colony

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Economic Marginality

New Englanders' constant struggle to make ends meet before the frost due to bad soil

• Didn't strive for more because God advised against greed

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document targeted at attracting young people; In 1662, this allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members.

King Philip's War

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

The Great Swamp Fight

Attack by colonial militia on Narragansett Tribe's main fort; killed many Natives (women, children burned alive)

The Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Reverend Thomas Hooker

Leaves Massachusetts with a group of dissatisfied Puritans to found Connecticut.

Rhode Island / "Rogue Island"

The "sink / sewer" of New England. No oaths or church membership was required to vote, freedom of religion for all.

Headright System

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to any person entering America.

New Hampshire and Maine

Fishing and fur trading communities, mainly consisting of Massachusetts overflow

Deer Island

3 Natives were accused of killing a literate Native, John Samsamen, and were hanged. To protect the other Natives, the Boston General Court voted to move the communities to this island. They sent no provisions and everybody died.

Maryland

First founded in 1634 by a proprietor (Lord Baltimore who was Catholic) Got a large land grant as a favor for service to the crown "Haven for Catholics" where they weren't persecuted However, had a Protestant majority because of tobacco growth

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Bacon's Rebellion

Virginia, Maryland passed policies favoring Eastern Planters vs Western Farmers Bacon and his buddies raided Western Native settlements and marched + burned Jamestown Showcased class differences in the South (political, economical differences) King chose the governor => Bacon rose against the representative of the crown

English Civil War

This event caused a decrease in immigrants coming to America, meaning that colonists had to find an alternative for indentured servants. They turned to slavery

Petition of the Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Restoration Colonies

The colonies King Charles II established or supported during the Restoration (the Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)

Inbetweenness

The middle colonies were not quite like the South, but not quite like the North either (New York, New Jersey / Pennsylvania, Delaware)

New York / New Jersey

Established 1664 *Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant *After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York *James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England *The region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony; it eventually became a royal colony

The Duke of York

The generous proprietor of New York sent by the King of England. Later became James II

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers

Delaware

A group of Swedes break off from Pennsylvania to create this colony

Peter Minuet

Bought Manhattan from the Indians for $24

The City of Brotherly Love

Dover, Delaware

Patroon System

A Dutch system where families that came to the new world got a plot of land if they brought over 50 people

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. Mainly created to bar the Dutch from trade.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Believe in equality of everyone. "The society of Friends"

Inner Light

A divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Zenger Case

The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true. The first freedom of the press case in America

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Arminianism

A more rational approach to faith

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Jeremiah Sermons (Jeremiads)

The Southern Colonies

These were all restoration colonies that grew many crops

North Carolina

This colony had no harbors or deep rivers and poor soil.

South Carolina

This colony had large plantations and here, slavery flourished

Georgia

This colony was made to be a buffer between the colonies and the Natives/Spanish and protect South Carolina's plantations. Had strict regulations in place by James Oglethorpe: No rum and slavery, no elected assembly, and lands were always entailed to the eldest son.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

New Lights

People Embracing new, rational approaches during the Great Awakening

Baptists and Methodists

Two denominations of Christianity that emerged as a result of the Great Awakening

Churches Competing for Membership

Churches began to follow George Whitefield's example and try to preach new, emotional sermons, leading to this.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

English Cultural Dominance in New World

All colonies shared a common language, heritage Self government. Varying degrees of religious toleration. No hereditary aristocracy.

Religious Toleration

All of the colonies had varying degrees of this

Social Mobility

In all colonies, your place in society was not fixed forever.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

Enlightenment

Rational approaches to religion and life that were discussed by rich and poor alike. The lead philosophers in this movement were: John Locke, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Political control by England of the colonies to increase revenue

Five Practices of Mercantilism

Bullionism - Wealth was measured by gold and silver or other precious metals Favorable Balance of Trade - Exports outnumbered imports Promote Manufacturing - Finished goods were worth more than raw materials Promotion of shipping - Shipbuilding and the ship industry in the colonies grew Planting Colonies - More raw materials available + finished goods market

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies / turning a blind eye to harmless violations

John and Charles Wesley

Powerful evangelists of the Great Awakening. The helped spread the message of the revival and founded Methodism. The two visited Georgia and other colonies in the 1730s.

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the government in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Deerfield Massacre

The raid occurred during Queen Anne's War on February 29, 1704, when French and Native American forces under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked the English settlement at Deerfield, Massachusetts just before dawn, razing the town and killing 56 colonists

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Quebec and Montreal

William Pitt defeated these French cities.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ends the war. The French got to keep their sugar islands in the West Indies but gave up all the territory West of the Mississippi to Spain, and gave up all their territory East of the Mississippi to England. The Spanish got the Phillipines, Cuba from Britain The English get part of Florida.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

Natives destroyed many forts and killed over 2,000 settlers Tribes worked together but were eventually put down by the British This gave the British the impression that the colonies couldn't defend themselves