Roman Culture and Achievements Notes

Greco-Roman civilization

A blend of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman achievements that resulted from the conquests of Roman generals and the spread of culture during the Pax Romana.

Stoicism

Hellenistic philosophy adopted by Romans emphasizing duty, acceptance of fate, and concern for the well-being of all people, with Emperor Marcus Aurelius being a notable Stoic philosopher.

Satire in Roman society

Poets like Horace and Martial used satire to criticize human folly and societal issues, with Martial even using a fictitious name to protect himself due to the biting nature of his satire.

Realism in Roman art

Artists and sculptors focused on realism, portraying subjects' character and expression, with some sculptures being highly idealistic, emphasizing traits like power, grace, or strength.

Roman engineering

Engineers built roads, bridges, aqueducts, and harbors throughout the empire, with many structures still in use today, showcasing Roman advancements in architecture and infrastructure.

Roman legal code

A single written legal code applied to citizens and non-citizens, with penalties varying based on social class, and principles like the presumption of innocence, the right to face accusers, and fair interpretation of laws influencing modern legal systems.