Expressed powers
Those delegated powers of the National Government that are spelled out, expressly, in the Constitution
Implied powers
Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers
Inherent powers
Powers that the Constitution is presumed to have delegated to the National Government because it is the government of a sovereign state within the world community
Reserved powers
Those powers that the Constitution does not grant to the National Government and does not, at the same time, deny to the states
Exclusive powers
Those powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone
Concurrent powers
Those powers that both the National Government and the States possess and exercise
Revenue sharing
Form of federal monetary aid under which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue, with virtually no restrictions, to the States, cities, counties, and townships
Categorical grant
One type of federal grants-in-aid; made for some specific, closely defined, purpose
Block grant
One type of federal grants in aid for some particular but broadly defined area of public policy
Project grant
One type of federal grants-in-aid; made for specific projects to states, localities, and private agencies who apply for them
Cooperative Federalism
A flexible relationship between the federal and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs (marble cake)
Dual Federalism
A system of governance where the federal government and state governments each have clearly defined spheres of power (layer cake)
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Constitution's stipulation (Article IV, Section 2) that all citizens are entitles to certain "privileges and immunities," regardless of their State of residence' no State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who happen to live in other States
Referendum
A process by which a legislative measure is referred to the State's voters for final approval or rejection
Initiative
A process in which a certain number of qualified voters sign petitions in favor of a proposed statute or constitutional amendment, which then goes directly to the ballot
Recall
A petition procedure by which voters may remove an elected official from office before the completion of their regular term
Mandate
The instructions or commands a constituency gives to its elected officials
Grants-in-aid
Program: Grants of federal money or other resources to States, cities, counties, and other local units
Commerce clause
The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution's requirement that each State accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State
Extradition
The legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is returned to that State