MT Laws Week 7

stigma, discrimination, and infringement

In addressing the alarming, rapid spread of this disease, the government issues several legislations to curb HIV and its effects including, but not limited to, social ___, ___ and ___ such as the right to privacy and the right to health

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

To date, ___ is the only disease in the country that has its own law

Congo ; chimpanzees

In the early 1900s, HIV is believed to originate in the democratic republic of ___, and the MOT is believed to be from ___ to human in the height of bush meat trading

1979

AIDS was first described in ___

infant ; 1982

AIDS first case of transfusion associated AIDS was found in an ___ in ___

1984

In ___, the first case of HIV infection in the Philippines is reported

57 ; 1989

In 1989, HIV testing became mandatory screening test for blood units pursuant to AO no _, series of ___

Cory Aquino ; 1989

During the ___ Administration

• In ___, HIV testing became mandatory screening test for blood units pursuant to AO no 57, series of 1989

39 ; 1992

On December 3, 1992, Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC) was created virtue of EO no _, series of ___

Fidel Ramos ; December 3, 1992

During the ___ Administration

• On ___, Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC) was created virtue of EO no 39, series of 1992

February 13, 1998

RA no 8504 came into law in ___

Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998

RA no 8504, otherwise known as the “___”

Philippine HIV and AIDS policy Act

RA no. 11166, known as the “___” was approved

rapid HIV diagnostic algorithms (rHIVda)

the DOH recommends the use of ___ as the new confirmatory test in the Philippines

2 or 3

Rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm (rHIVda) uses a combinatory of _ or _ rapid test formats done in parallel or sequence on a sample that had a reactive result in the initial tests, and is utilized as the new HIV confirmatory test in Certified rHIVda Confirmatory Laboratory (CrCL) facilities.

Sysmex HISCL HIV Ag+Ab Assay Kit

Assays used in rHIVda Algorithm

• T1 - ___

• T2 - Vidas HIV Dup Ultra or SD HIV-1/2 3.0 or Alere Determine HIV 1/2

• T3 - Geenius HIV 1/2 Confirmatory Test Kit

Vidas HIV Dup Ultra or SD HIV-1/2 3.0 or Alere Determine HIV 1/2

Assays used in rHIVda Algorithm

• T1 - Sysmex HISCL HIV Ag+Ab Assay Kit

• T2 - ___

• T3 - Geenius HIV 1/2 Confirmatory Test Kit

Geenius HIV 1/2 Confirmatory Test Kit

Assays used in rHIVda Algorithm

• T1 - Sysmex HISCL HIV Ag+Ab Assay Kit

• T2 - Vidas HIV Dup Ultra or SD HIV-1/2 3.0 or Alere Determine HIV 1/2

• T3 - ___

HIV POSITIVE

___ results shall be released if three rHIVda RDT results are all reactive (T1+, T2+, T3+)

HIV NEGATIVE

___ T0 test is not done and T1 results is non-reactive for walk-in clients in CrCL

HIV NEGATIVE

If repeated T1 is non-reactive for the second time (Two T1 non-reactive results)

Inconclusive

• T0 results are reactive, T1 result is non-reactive (T0+, T1-)

• T0 results are reactive, T2 results is non-reactive (T1+T2-)

• T1 results are reactive, T2 result is reactive, T3 result is non-reactive (T1+, T2+, T3-)

December 20, 2018

Philippine HIV and AIDS Polio/ Act was, approved on ___

retrovirus

HIV is a ___ that infects cells of the human immune system and destroys or impairs the cells' function. Infection with HIV results in the progressive deterioration of the immune system, leading to immune deficiency.

health condition

AIDS refers to a ___ wherein a deficiency in (caused by the immune system the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV) makes an individual susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Opportunistic infections

___ refer to diseases caused by various organisms, many of which do not cause illness in persons with a healthy immune system, such as tuberculosis.

unprotected sexual intercourse

HIV transmission is the transfer of HIV from one infected person to an uninfected individual through activities such as:

• ___

• blood transfusion,

• organ transplantation

• sharing contaminated intravenous needles

• during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

blood transfusion

HIV transmission is the transfer of HIV from one infected person to an uninfected individual through activities such as:

• unprotected sexual intercourse

• ___

• organ transplantation

• sharing contaminated intravenous needles

• during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

organ transplantation

HIV transmission is the transfer of HIV from one infected person to an uninfected individual through activities such as:

• unprotected sexual intercourse

• blood transfusion,

• ___

• sharing contaminated intravenous needles

• during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

sharing contaminated intravenous needles

HIV transmission is the transfer of HIV from one infected person to an uninfected individual through activities such as:

• unprotected sexual intercourse

• blood transfusion,

• organ transplantation

• ___

• during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

HIV transmission is the transfer of HIV from one infected person to an uninfected individual through activities such as:

• unprotected sexual intercourse

• blood transfusion,

• organ transplantation

• sharing contaminated intravenous needles

• ___

39 ; Dec 3, 1992

PNAC is an agency attached to the DOH that is primarily tasked to ensure the implementation of the country's response to the HIV and AIDS situation and was Created under EO no _ dated ___

HIV testing

The following are the guidelines and standard precautions donation of blood, tissues, and organs:

• All donated blood shall also be subjected to ___.

negative for HIV

The following are the guidelines and standard precautions donation of blood, tissues, and organs:

• Donations of tissue or organ, whether gratuitous or onerous, shall be accepted by a laboratory or institution only after a sample from the donor has been tested ___.

deferred from donation

The following are the guidelines and standard precautions donation of blood, tissues, and organs:

• All donors whose blood, tissue/s, or organ/s test positive shall be ___, notified of their HIV status, counseled, and referred for care and clinical management as soon as possible.

research purposes

The following are the guidelines and standard precautions donation of blood, tissues, and organs:

• Donations of blood, tissue, or organ that test positive for HIV may be accepted for ___ only and shall be subject to strict sanitary disposal requirements.

• matter of right

The following are the guidelines and standard precautions donation of blood, tissues, and organs:

• A second test may be demanded as a ___ by the blood, tissue, or organ recipient or his/her immediate relatives before transfusion or transplant, except during emergency cases.

Informed consent

___ refers to the voluntary agreement of a person to undergo or be subjected to a procedure based on full information, whether such permission is written or conveyed verbally.

15

As a general rule, any person who is at least _ years of age has the authority to give consent to take HIV testing.

parents and legal guardian ; licensed social or health worker

For individuals below 15 years of age or are mentally incapacitated, consent may be obtained from the child's ___ and ___. If the child's parents or legal guardian cannot be located or refuse to give consent, the consent must be obtained from a ___ or ___ and with the assent of the child for the protection of the latter's interest.

pregnant ; high-risk behavior

As an exception, even if the person is below 15 years of age, the minor may still give consent to take HIV testing provided that the minor is ___ or engaged in ___ and is duly assisted by a licensed social or health worker.

Evolving Capacities of the Child

___ refers to the concept enshrined in Article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, recognizing the developmental changes and the corresponding progress in cognitive abilities and capacity for self-determination undergone by children as they grow up, thus requiring parents and others charged with the responsibility for the child to provide varying degrees of protection, and to allow their participation in opportunities for autonomous decision-making.

15 ; 18

Under the concept of Evolving Capacities of the Child, a child refers to a minor who is at least ___ years old but less than ___ years of age.

Mature Minor doctrine

___ refers to the legal principle that recognizes the capacity some of minors to consent independently to medical procedures, if they have been assessed by qualified health professionals to understand the nature of procedures and their consequences to make a decision on their own.

15

Under the Mature Minor Doctrine, a minor refers to:

• A child who is less than _ years of age

pregnant ; behavior

Under the Mature Minor Doctrine, a minor refers to:

• A young person who is ___ or engaged in high-risk behavior

• licensed social or health worker

Under the Mature Minor Doctrine, a minor refers to:

• A young person who is duly assisted by a ___ at the time of testing

HIV testing

___ refers to any facility-based, mobile medical procedure, or community based screening modalities that are conducted to determine the presence or absence of HIV in a person's body.

confidential ; voluntary ; counseling

HIV testing is ___, ___ in nature, and must be accompanied by ___ prior to and after the test, and carried out only with the informed consent of the person,

Voluntary HIV testing

___ refers to testing done on an individual who, after having undergone pre-test counseling willingly submits to such test.

Compulsory HIV testing

___ occurs when the test is imposed upon an individual without consent, and utilizes force or intimidation, as well as requiring the test a prerequisite for employment or other purposes, and other circumstances when an informed choice is absent.

Screening test

___ refers to initial serologic test performed to determine the presence of antibodies against HIV 1 and HIV 2.

• It includes, but is not limited to:

  • enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

  • particle agglutination test (PA)

  • rapid immunoassays

  • and other screening tests for HIV antibody.

Confirmatory test

___ refers to the test performed on samples reactive to the screening test to ensure that results are true positive.

• It includes, but is not limited to,

  • Western blot (WB), line immunoassay (LIA)

  • immunofluorescence assay (IF) and

  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

• At present, the DOH recommends the use of rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm (rHIVda) as the new confirmatory procedure in the Philippines.

STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory of the San Lazaro Hospital (NRL-SACCL/SLH).

Reactive samples are referred for confirmatory testing to the National Reference Laboratory — ___

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (NRL-RITM).

Reactive samples for blood units/ blood donors are turned over for confirmatory testing to the National Reference Laboratory — ___

compulsory HIV testing

As a general rule, ___ is prohibited by law.

rape and simple seduction

As an exception to the general rule; compulsory 'HIV shall be allowed only in the following instances:

• When it is necessary to test a person who is charged with any of the offenses punishable under Articles 264 and 266 on serious and slight physical injuries, and Article 335 and 338 on ___ and ___, both of Act No. 3815 or The Revised Penal Code, as amended, and as also amended by R.A. No. 8553, otherwise known as The Anti-Rape Law of 1997

The Family Code of the Philippines

As an exception to the general rule; compulsory 'HIV shall be allowed only in the following instances:

• When it is necessary to resolve relevant issues under E.O. No. 209, ___

donation of blood

As an exception to the general rule; compulsory 'HIV shall be allowed only in the following instances:

• As a prerequisite in the ___ in compliance with the provisions of R.A. No. 7170, organ Donation Act of 1991, and R.A. No. 7719, the National Blood Services Act of 1994

HIV counseling

___ refers to the interpersonal and dynamic communication process between a client and a trained counselor. The counselor bound by a code of ethics and practice to resolve personal, social, or psychological problems and difficulties, and whose objective in counseling,

HIV-negative

in the context of an HIV diagnosis, the counselor is to encourage the address his/her anxiety and stress, and plan for the future (keeping healthy). If the test is negative, the counselor should encourage the client to explore motivations, options, and skills to stay ___.

free pre-test and post-test

All HIV testing facilities shall provide ___ and ___ HIV counseling to individuals who wish to avail of HIV testing, which shall likewise be confidential.

Medical confidentiality

___ refers to the core duty of medical practice where: the information provided by the patient to a health practitioner and his/her health status is kept private and is not divulged to third parties.

other medical practitioners

The patient's health status, however, should be shared with ___ involved in the professional care of the patient.

written consent

The following acts violate confidentiality and privacy:

• Disclosure of confidential HIV and AIDS information without ___ of the PLHIV

Media disclosure

The following acts violate confidentiality and privacy:

• ___ without written consent of the PLHIV

Partner notification

___ refers to the process by which the "index client," "source," or "patient" who has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, is given support in order to notify and advise the partner/s who have been exposed to infection.

Discrimination

___ refers to unfair or unjust treatment that distinguishes, excludes, restricts, or shows preferences based on any ground such as sex, gender, age, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status, disability, ethnicity, and HIV status, whether actual or perceived, and which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise by all persons similarly situated, of all their rights and freedoms.

Stigma

___ refers to the dynamic devaluation and dehumanization of an individual in the eyes of others, which may be based on attributes that are arbitrarily defined by others as discreditable or unworthy, and which results in discrimination when acted upon.

Bullying

___ refers to any severe or repeated use by one or more persons of a written, verbal, or electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another person that causes or places the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to one's property, thereby creating a hostile environment for the other person, infringing on the rights of another person, or materially and substantially disrupting the processes or orderly operation of an institution or organization. It is also a form of discrimination.