Ap World History Unit 1 Review:
State building in Song China Dar-al Islam, South and Southeast Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
Song China:
China had a centralized imperial bureaucracy and the members of the government had to take merit exams.
Innovation:
Grand Canal-increased trade
Steel/iron production-made farm tools more efficient
Champa rice
luxury goods like porcelain & silk were highly desired trade goods created by the Chinese
Proto-Industrialization- less farmers were needed so more people were able to become artisans or laborers in urban areas
Gunpowder & the magnetic compass eventually found its way to Europe through the silk road
Religion in Song China:
Confucianism - The first major religion in Song China, Confucianism emphasized filial piety
idea of 5 relationships
**Buddhism-**came to China through the silk road
combined with Taoism to create zen-Buddhism
Neo-confucianism- rose in Song China as a response to the rise of Buddhism
Social Stratification:
Song China was the most urbanized land in the world
there was some social mobility in China, with the emperor at the top, followed by the scholar gentry (those educated in confucian philosophy), then farmers,artisans, then the merchant class, and at the very bottom the peasants
women went to men for all things
Tributary System:
China recognized they weren’t going to succeed with just domestic production so they go to Japan, Korea, and they basically ask them to pay tribute so that China doesn’t try to invade them
Japan, Korea, & Vietnam:
Japan had adopted Buddhism and Confucianism, but was not as centrally governed.
Korea was very close to China with a centralized system of government and the use of Confucianism and Buddhism.
Vietnam adapted the Chinese system of writing, but resisted sinification due to their unique views on the family and culture**.**
China operated on the Dynastical cycle
South & Southeast Asia:
south and southeast Asia are decentralized
decentralized-many different forms of government
spread of hinduism and buddhism
this region was heavily influenced by the trade relationship it had with surrounding regions
Islam greatly influenced the region
spread of religion through trade routes
Merchants are the ones responsible for brining Islam to southeast Asia
Some Hindus converted to Islam to escape the caste system
Sufism is a minority section of Islam
Bhakti is a minority movement of hinduism
Buddhist monasticism is a minority of Buddhism
lower caste formed these movements
Dar-al Islam:
1200-1450
Dar-al Islam means everything Islam touches
southwest Asia(midle east)
strongest religion at this time
Islam connects to China through the Silk Road and thats how we get a lot of interaction between the two
The following groups established their own Muslim empires after attacking and destroying the once unified Abbasid Caliphate.
Mamluk Empire:
Turkish slaves working in Egypt who attacked and seized control of the Egyptian government created a Muslim empire across North Africa known as the Malmluk Sultanate.
al-Andalus in Spain:
the abbasid caliphate breaks up and they break up into different sections
the caliphate is the empire
the muslim world this time is very welcoming which allows them to thrive
tolerant of other religions
the islamic world had golden ages, advancements in art, science, medicine, literature, most wealthiest places in the world
Seljuk Turks:
Muslim Turks who captured parts of Central Asia and the Middle East including Baghdad from the 11th to the 14th centuries.
target of the first crusade
cultural ancestors to the western turks
the empire was weakened during the first two crusades and finally crumbled during the Mongol invasions.
Innovations:
Nasiral-Din al-Tusi, Islamic scholar who set the footprint for trigonometry
A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah, most prolific female muslim writer
Medical Advances:
increasing standards of medical care
Cultural Continuities:
Islamic scholars were known for taking learning from various cultures and adding upon it.
1.Translated Greek classics into Arabic
2.Studied math from India
3.Made paper from China
concept of zero is developed in India, and makes its way into other regions
house of Baghdad
muslim world really preached learning ,education, thought it would lead to more innovation to learn from the past
when the Mongols come they are going to drastically change things
Americas:
Aztecs(Mexica:
13th century
By 1434, Aztecs dominate the valley by conquering other city-states and creating a tribute empire.
Capital city of Tenochtitlan
Rulers were considered gods on earth giving them lots of power.
Mesoamerican society
idea of human sacrifice
agricultural developments: floating gardens, chinampas
floating gardens provided the Aztecs with nutrition
Inca Empire:
centered around Lake Titicaca in Peru
highly centralized with a ruler over 4 provinces
created a tribute empire (Mit’a system) forced to work for them as a tax
Carpa Nan connected the large empire
Advanced irrigation made the Inca skilled farmers (use of terrace farming – farming into the side of a mountain and Waru Waru irrigation systems)
Quipu was used for record keeping, story telling, counting, calendar
Maya:
were decentralized with many Maya city-states spread out in the region.
Known for art, architecture, calendar, and astronomical system.
Other Tribes in the Americas:
Spread throughout the Americas, tribes were varied depending on their environment (Cahokia and Mesa Verde).
Most empires were weakened by European contact
Africa:
The Bantu people, spread not only their language, but their knowledge of metalwork and agriculture throughout Africa.
There were many stateless societies meaning they did not have a centralized and organized government.
largely weak with no tax systems or large building projects
islam will slowly spread into Africa through missionaries
animals, winds ,spirits ,some African societies will ditch their beliefs and others will combine
syncretism-combine multiple religions
Trans-Saharan Trade:
Trade was improved by the use of camels and the camel saddle and caravans.
Trade allowed empires to grow along the network through importing their goods and trading with other kingdoms.
Start of a gold-salt trade between West Africa (gold) and North Africa (salt). Surplus for Surplus.
West African Empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai:
Became Islamic to grow political power.
Traded with other Muslim nations (thanks to Mansa Musa {Mali} & Sonni Ali [Songhai])
Set up Tributary systems on a small scale.
Central Africa:
Islam did not spread to this region. It was difficult to travel here, and states formed more slowly without the Islamic influence.
Great Zimbabwe:
Large and non-Islamic
Dominated African gold and trade on coastal ports in the Indian Ocean network.
Built a great wall for protection
Ethiopia(Aksum):
Link between the Arab and Mediterranean world.
Exposed to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
LOTS of trade because proximity to Eurasia
Global Connection:
Spread of Islam opened up Africa to global trade, but most of Africa developed independently
the richest man in the world was located in Mali, manta Musa
showed there was actual wealth in Africa during this time period
Timbuktu-cradle of culture in the Mali Empire
was thriving before Europeans come
thriving trade network is the difference between americas and Africa
Developments in Western Europe:
biggest thing in Europe during the time was Christianity
religion was a way to unify the kingdoms
the Catholic Church was very organized but corrupt
Christian crusades tried to end Muslim rule in the Holy Land. It was successful in some places, but most importantly it opened the West up to trade.
holy wars between Christianity & Islam, took place in southwest Asia
Byzantine empire is the only empire
Effects of the Crusades:
increased desires for luxury goods (silk, cotton, sugar, & spices)
introduced technologies( astrolabe, compass, ship designs, & gunpowder)
introduced ideas (Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, telescope)
Manorialism:
Existed during a time of decentralization
Land owners would have peasants (serfs) work and live on their land.
in exchange, the Lord of the manor would provide protection for the serf.
Manors were isolated with low levels of production & low technology.
very vulnerable to viking raids
Not the best system, but it did create a system of local rule with regional aristocrats.
in the high middle ages we still have feudalism, everything is on the manor, everything is self sufficient
always evolved around the church
Feudalism:
replaced manorialism
Rules provide protection & aid to lesser lords (vassals/nobles)
Nobles employ Knights for protection, & Peasants worked the land in exchange for protection and somewhere to live.
A feudal monarch slowly grew and manors were absorbed into larger kingdoms.
eventually many peasants under the feudal system were unhappy
Results:
Feudalism gets shaped into a monarchy
the High Middle Ages was a time where feudalism decreased and industrialization increased, which led to an increase in education & urbanization
agriculture improves
PLAGUE
the Black death starts to spread around 1300 in Europe
the labor force declines because of the population dying
peasants start revolting, checks were put in place against the feudal lords
many people form Guilds to control working conditions
State building in Song China Dar-al Islam, South and Southeast Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
Song China:
China had a centralized imperial bureaucracy and the members of the government had to take merit exams.
Innovation:
Grand Canal-increased trade
Steel/iron production-made farm tools more efficient
Champa rice
luxury goods like porcelain & silk were highly desired trade goods created by the Chinese
Proto-Industrialization- less farmers were needed so more people were able to become artisans or laborers in urban areas
Gunpowder & the magnetic compass eventually found its way to Europe through the silk road
Religion in Song China:
Confucianism - The first major religion in Song China, Confucianism emphasized filial piety
idea of 5 relationships
**Buddhism-**came to China through the silk road
combined with Taoism to create zen-Buddhism
Neo-confucianism- rose in Song China as a response to the rise of Buddhism
Social Stratification:
Song China was the most urbanized land in the world
there was some social mobility in China, with the emperor at the top, followed by the scholar gentry (those educated in confucian philosophy), then farmers,artisans, then the merchant class, and at the very bottom the peasants
women went to men for all things
Tributary System:
China recognized they weren’t going to succeed with just domestic production so they go to Japan, Korea, and they basically ask them to pay tribute so that China doesn’t try to invade them
Japan, Korea, & Vietnam:
Japan had adopted Buddhism and Confucianism, but was not as centrally governed.
Korea was very close to China with a centralized system of government and the use of Confucianism and Buddhism.
Vietnam adapted the Chinese system of writing, but resisted sinification due to their unique views on the family and culture**.**
China operated on the Dynastical cycle
South & Southeast Asia:
south and southeast Asia are decentralized
decentralized-many different forms of government
spread of hinduism and buddhism
this region was heavily influenced by the trade relationship it had with surrounding regions
Islam greatly influenced the region
spread of religion through trade routes
Merchants are the ones responsible for brining Islam to southeast Asia
Some Hindus converted to Islam to escape the caste system
Sufism is a minority section of Islam
Bhakti is a minority movement of hinduism
Buddhist monasticism is a minority of Buddhism
lower caste formed these movements
Dar-al Islam:
1200-1450
Dar-al Islam means everything Islam touches
southwest Asia(midle east)
strongest religion at this time
Islam connects to China through the Silk Road and thats how we get a lot of interaction between the two
The following groups established their own Muslim empires after attacking and destroying the once unified Abbasid Caliphate.
Mamluk Empire:
Turkish slaves working in Egypt who attacked and seized control of the Egyptian government created a Muslim empire across North Africa known as the Malmluk Sultanate.
al-Andalus in Spain:
the abbasid caliphate breaks up and they break up into different sections
the caliphate is the empire
the muslim world this time is very welcoming which allows them to thrive
tolerant of other religions
the islamic world had golden ages, advancements in art, science, medicine, literature, most wealthiest places in the world
Seljuk Turks:
Muslim Turks who captured parts of Central Asia and the Middle East including Baghdad from the 11th to the 14th centuries.
target of the first crusade
cultural ancestors to the western turks
the empire was weakened during the first two crusades and finally crumbled during the Mongol invasions.
Innovations:
Nasiral-Din al-Tusi, Islamic scholar who set the footprint for trigonometry
A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah, most prolific female muslim writer
Medical Advances:
increasing standards of medical care
Cultural Continuities:
Islamic scholars were known for taking learning from various cultures and adding upon it.
1.Translated Greek classics into Arabic
2.Studied math from India
3.Made paper from China
concept of zero is developed in India, and makes its way into other regions
house of Baghdad
muslim world really preached learning ,education, thought it would lead to more innovation to learn from the past
when the Mongols come they are going to drastically change things
Americas:
Aztecs(Mexica:
13th century
By 1434, Aztecs dominate the valley by conquering other city-states and creating a tribute empire.
Capital city of Tenochtitlan
Rulers were considered gods on earth giving them lots of power.
Mesoamerican society
idea of human sacrifice
agricultural developments: floating gardens, chinampas
floating gardens provided the Aztecs with nutrition
Inca Empire:
centered around Lake Titicaca in Peru
highly centralized with a ruler over 4 provinces
created a tribute empire (Mit’a system) forced to work for them as a tax
Carpa Nan connected the large empire
Advanced irrigation made the Inca skilled farmers (use of terrace farming – farming into the side of a mountain and Waru Waru irrigation systems)
Quipu was used for record keeping, story telling, counting, calendar
Maya:
were decentralized with many Maya city-states spread out in the region.
Known for art, architecture, calendar, and astronomical system.
Other Tribes in the Americas:
Spread throughout the Americas, tribes were varied depending on their environment (Cahokia and Mesa Verde).
Most empires were weakened by European contact
Africa:
The Bantu people, spread not only their language, but their knowledge of metalwork and agriculture throughout Africa.
There were many stateless societies meaning they did not have a centralized and organized government.
largely weak with no tax systems or large building projects
islam will slowly spread into Africa through missionaries
animals, winds ,spirits ,some African societies will ditch their beliefs and others will combine
syncretism-combine multiple religions
Trans-Saharan Trade:
Trade was improved by the use of camels and the camel saddle and caravans.
Trade allowed empires to grow along the network through importing their goods and trading with other kingdoms.
Start of a gold-salt trade between West Africa (gold) and North Africa (salt). Surplus for Surplus.
West African Empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai:
Became Islamic to grow political power.
Traded with other Muslim nations (thanks to Mansa Musa {Mali} & Sonni Ali [Songhai])
Set up Tributary systems on a small scale.
Central Africa:
Islam did not spread to this region. It was difficult to travel here, and states formed more slowly without the Islamic influence.
Great Zimbabwe:
Large and non-Islamic
Dominated African gold and trade on coastal ports in the Indian Ocean network.
Built a great wall for protection
Ethiopia(Aksum):
Link between the Arab and Mediterranean world.
Exposed to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
LOTS of trade because proximity to Eurasia
Global Connection:
Spread of Islam opened up Africa to global trade, but most of Africa developed independently
the richest man in the world was located in Mali, manta Musa
showed there was actual wealth in Africa during this time period
Timbuktu-cradle of culture in the Mali Empire
was thriving before Europeans come
thriving trade network is the difference between americas and Africa
Developments in Western Europe:
biggest thing in Europe during the time was Christianity
religion was a way to unify the kingdoms
the Catholic Church was very organized but corrupt
Christian crusades tried to end Muslim rule in the Holy Land. It was successful in some places, but most importantly it opened the West up to trade.
holy wars between Christianity & Islam, took place in southwest Asia
Byzantine empire is the only empire
Effects of the Crusades:
increased desires for luxury goods (silk, cotton, sugar, & spices)
introduced technologies( astrolabe, compass, ship designs, & gunpowder)
introduced ideas (Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, telescope)
Manorialism:
Existed during a time of decentralization
Land owners would have peasants (serfs) work and live on their land.
in exchange, the Lord of the manor would provide protection for the serf.
Manors were isolated with low levels of production & low technology.
very vulnerable to viking raids
Not the best system, but it did create a system of local rule with regional aristocrats.
in the high middle ages we still have feudalism, everything is on the manor, everything is self sufficient
always evolved around the church
Feudalism:
replaced manorialism
Rules provide protection & aid to lesser lords (vassals/nobles)
Nobles employ Knights for protection, & Peasants worked the land in exchange for protection and somewhere to live.
A feudal monarch slowly grew and manors were absorbed into larger kingdoms.
eventually many peasants under the feudal system were unhappy
Results:
Feudalism gets shaped into a monarchy
the High Middle Ages was a time where feudalism decreased and industrialization increased, which led to an increase in education & urbanization
agriculture improves
PLAGUE
the Black death starts to spread around 1300 in Europe
the labor force declines because of the population dying
peasants start revolting, checks were put in place against the feudal lords
many people form Guilds to control working conditions