Neuro 7-9

Impaired attention, the inability to experience pleasure, sleep disturbance, decrease in appetite, feeling of hopelessness and isolation, and suicidal thoughts

Mental symptoms

Statistics show that the \____________ has increased depression among adults aged 18 to 24.

pandemic

Spending one or more hours a day \__________ is \________________ of depression and increased \__________ risk factors in teens.

online; one cause; suicide

Norephinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are all examples of \____________

monoamines

The monoamine \________ hypothesis stated that decreased \___________ induces depression, particularly \____________

depletion; monoamines; serotonin

SSRI's increase synaptic \____________

serotonin

Examples of SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Lexapro

Some issues with the monoamine hypothesis are:

• depressed people don't have \______________,

• \____________ serotonin doesn't produce depression,

• \______________ serotonin doesn't help with recovery,

• and SSRI's take \________ to work.

low serotonin; depleting; increasing; weeks

Depressed people don't have \______________

low serotonin

\__________ serotonin does not produce \__________

Depleting; depression

\______________ serotonin with other drugs doesn't help with people \__________ from depression

Increasing; recover

SSRIs act within \________ to increase neurotransmitters

minutes

SSRI's take \________ to reduce depression

weeks

About 80% of people \_______ taking antidepressants with a month

stop

Changes in the \_________________ EEG within 48 hours of starting medication helps to indicate which people will do \______ on a certain SSRI

prefrontal cortex; well

\______ can precipitate or worsen depression because of chronically high levels of \__________

Stress; cortisol

Childhood abuse, neglect, loss, or other \______ stresses can lead to chronically high levels of \_________, and make people more prone to \____________

early; cortisol; depression

The hippocampus is involved with both \_________ and \__________ responses

memory; emotional

Stress/depression decreases \________________ and increases neural \________, which means the \______________ has less control over the \__________, and consequently less emotional control.

neurogenesis; death; hippocampus; amygdala

\_______________ mediates the effects of antidepressants

Neurogenesis

\__________ increase neurogenesis and repopulate the \_______________

Antidepressants; hippocampus

The 3-6 week \____ before antidepressants become \____________ is the time it takes for new neurons to become incorporated in the \____________

lag; effective; hippocampus

\____________ blocks neurogenesis in the \_______________, and blocks the beneficial behavioral effects of antidepressants

Irradiation; hippocampus

Cortisol from stress reduces \________ which leads to neuronal \__________

BDNF; loss

Antidepressants increase \_______, thereby keeping neurons \________

BDNF; alive

\________ is as good as SSRIs in treating depression

Exercise

Exercise increases \__________ and thereby increases the number of \____________ neurons by increasing \______

neurogenesis; hippocampal; BDNF

How do therapists get amygdala to calm down and not be over active?

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

ECT stands for

Electroconvulsive therapy

ECT works \______ for 85% of patients by increasing \_______ and \____________

rapidly; BDNF; neurogenesis

ECT may cause recent \___________ loss

memory

TMS stands for

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

When stress causes \_____________ neuronal death, it deregulates \_________ which normally informs the emotional brain (the \___________)

hippocampal; Area 25; amygdala

Area 25 \___________ normalizes the input into the \_____________, which is done through deep \______ stimulation

stimulation; amygdala; brain

\__________ in the forehead muscles relieves \______________ in some people because it makes people think they are no longer sad since their foreheads are not wrinkled

Botox; depression

A \______ in the mouth makes people smile and feel \__________ because this activity uses the same muscles that smiling does.

pencil; happier

When a person cycles between depression and \_________ they have \___________ depression

mania; bipolar

Talkativeness, staying up for long hours, going on shopping sprees with no money, flights of ideas and racing thoughts are all \_________ symptoms

manic

In Bipolar disorder, \______ is decreased causing neuronal \_______

BDNF; death

\________ is effective in treating bipolar disorder because it promotes \______________.

Lithium; neurogenesis

Seasonal \__________ disorder is characterized by being depressed in the \________ due to longer hours of \__________

affective, winter; darkness

Seasonal affective disorder can be treated by sitting in front of \______ with the natural \__________________

lights; light spectrum

People suffering from seasonal affective disorder need much more \_______ stimulation to suppress \____________

light; melatonin

Parkinson's disease onset is typically after \_____ years old, and is more frequent in \_____

60; men

Environmental \____________ to the weed killer \_________ increases vulnerability, but there is also a \________ risk for Parkinson's

exposure; Paraquat; genetic

Olfactory loss, gut dysbiosis, tremor at rest, constipation, low voice, trouble walking, and other motor problems are all \_________ of \____________

symptoms; Parkinson's

Neural activity \______________ movement is altered in PD

coordinating

The loss of \_________ neurons in the \_________________ eventually decrease its inhibitory input to the \_______ neurons in the \_________.

dopamine; substantia nigra; GABA; striatum

The loss of \__________ increases the production of \________ in the striatum, resulting in increased \___________

dopamine; GABA; acetylcholine

Increased acetylcholine causes \________ and \________

tremors; rigidity

Accidental destruction of \_____________ neurons caused by \______ induces Parkinson's disease

dopamine; MPTP

Because dopamine is involved in \________ and \___________; there is a decrease in PD

reward; motivation

The abnormal aggregation of \__________________ occurs within \__________

alpha-synuclein fibrils; Lewy bodies

Alpha-synuclein \_________ in Lewy bodies induce neuronal \_______, and spread their deleterious effects to \___________ cells

fibrils; death; neighboring

The first symptom of Parkinson's disease is \______________ loss, caused by toxins entering sensory neurons in the \_______

olfactory; nose

Olfactory deficits occurs \________ before \________ deficits

years; motor

The toxins entering the olfactory sensory neurons via the nose trigger an \________ in \___________

increase; alpha-synuclein

\___________ bodies consist of alpha-synuclein that is misfolded into \_______ in the substantia nigra

Lewy; fibrils

A dopamine precursor used to treat PD

L-DOPA

L-DOPA \___________ dopamine production from the remaining neurons

increases

Because the dose of L-DOPA needs to be \___________ overtime, the dopamine receptors become \___________, making it less \__________

increased; downregulated; effective

PD treatment where transplanted embryonic/fetal dopamine cells in the striatum survive and develop neural processes and release dopamine

Dopamine cell transplants

One problem with dopamine cell transplant is it is ineffective in patients older than \_____, which is the age of PD \_______

60; onset

A second problem with \__________ transplants is that the transplanted neurons develop signs of \___________, and are subjected to the same \____________ that kills the other dopamine neurons

fetal; pathology; infection

high-frequency electrodes that are implanted into the subthalamic nucleus in order to continuously inhibit high neuronal activity

Deep brain stimulation

Speaking loudly, olfactory training, boxing and Tai chi, and supplements all \_____ to \____________ PD symptoms

help; decrease

Misfolded alpha-synuclein can start in the \______

gut

Alpha-synuclein fibrils in the \______ can travel to the brain via the \_______________

gut; vagus nerve

Cutting the \_______ nerve decreases the probability of getting PD by 50%, illustrating that it is a pathway to the brain from the \______

vagus; gut

\________________ gut microbiota with \_____________________ (FMT) from normal humans to PD patients can improve motor and non-motor symptoms

Normalizing; fecal microbiota transplants

When you avoid your favorite \_______, you start to \_______ them which does not help with losing weight.

foods; crave

No specific \_____ has been shown to be more effective than any other in the long term; and they often lead to \__________________

diet; weight gain

When you eat \______, your body reduces its \_______________ and you feel hungry

less; metabolism

With a \_________ food intake pattern, the first initial minutes of food intake are \________ because your'e hungry and then you feel \__________(full)

normal; rapid; satiated

With an \____________ food intake pattern, the food intake pattern is \_______________ the whole time and there is no \__________

abnormal; the same; satiety

When you exercise, you \_______ more due to the decreased \_______________

eat; metabolism

People who restrict their diet eat too \_________, then fail to feel \________, therefore they continue to feel \__________ and gain weight

quickly; satiated; hungry

\____________ occurs when the \_____ hormone goes up and the \__________ hormone goes down, with changes occurring \________ minutes into the meal

Satiation; PYY; ghrelin; 12-15

Disordered eating patterns appear to underlie \___________

obesity

\__________ should be about 12-15 minutes to experience \_______

Meals; satiety

Hormone that signals satiation (high at level of fullness post meal)

PYY

In order to loss weight, you shouldn't \_________ your food intake, and instead eat \________ to eat less food without being hungry

restrict; slowly

For normalized eating behavior, there should \________ meals per day, two \________, no \________ drinks, and meals should last \__________ minutes.

three; snacks; caloric; 12-15

A study with 200 children showed they took \__________ minutes to eat in the school lunchroom, a sign that we are training children to become \__________

5.6-7.0; obese

Speed of eating for children increased 47% in the \_____________ versus eating in \_____________

lunchroom; isolation

Eating in the lunchroom with \___________ significantly \____________ food intake

feedback; decreased

After normalizing eating behaviors in 106 \__________, there was a \_________ in BMI, body fat, meal size, and eating speed

children; decrease

After the children had \____________ their eating behaviors, they had \_____________ metabolism, HDL levels, and quality of life

normalized; increased

Hormone that signals hunger (highest before a meal)

Ghrelin

Obese individuals eat too\_________ to feel \__________

quickly; satiated

What hormone activity occurs to terminate meals?

PYY is increased and ghrelin is decreased

\___________ is treated the same way as treating school children with abnormal food intake patterns

Anorexia

Disordered \________ behavior; hyperactivity; \______ body weight, chills, and \________ health symptoms are \___________ symptoms

eating; low; mental; anorexia

\_____________ are similar to \____________ but they binge and then throw up their food

Bulimics; anorexics

A small percent of anorexics and bulimics experience a \_______________ recovery with \_____________ care

long-term; psychiatric

\______________ of healthy adults induces mental health symptoms seen in \______________

Starvation; anorexics