midterm 1 dendrology

tree

plant, >20ft, central woody stem(trunk)

shrub

plant, <20ft, multiple woody stems

vine

plant with multiple trailing stems

conifer

mostly evergreen, do not drop leaves/cones. soft wood, leave needle or scale-live. have seeds in cones. late successional long living organisms.

softwood

wood from gymnosperms(conifers)

gymnosperm

“naked” seeds that are not enclosed in friuits

broadleaf

flowering plants, hardwood and angiosperm. there are monocots and dicots

hardwood

wood from broadleaf trees

angiosperm

seeds enclosed within a fruit, develops ovary of flower

primary growth

growth from buds. change in length or height

secondary growth

growth in width or girth from vascular cambium

annual rings

layers of secondary growth

levels of taxonomic rank*

Kingdom, Division, Class,Order, Family, Genus, Species (KDCOFGS)

King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

species*

a group of organisms that share a lot of characteristics. can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring.

pinophyta

conifers

magnoliophyta

broadleaf

common names

numerous, in regional languages, describes something about the tree

scientific names

ordering things based on shared characteristics. taxonomic rank

sexual reproduction

two parents, combination of genetic material, unique offspring

vegetative reproduction

one parent, duplication of genetic material, offspring is just like parent

evergreen

green leaves year round, always on the tree

deciduous

leafless for part of the year. drops leaves all at once. season dependent

pollination

transfer of pollen from stamen to pistil. From cone to seed. (male to female)

fertilization

when pistil and stamen fuse together and create a seed

seed dispersal

when plant seeds are moved from the parent plant to a different location.

ovary

female reproduction organ in flowers

pollen

tiny grains that carry male gametes for reproduction

flower

reproductive of angiosperms

fruit

mature ripened ovary of a flowering plant

seed cone

reproductive organ in gymnosperm

pollen cone

male cone that produces pollen

seed

product of fertilization that contains embryo for food supply

monoecious

having both male and female reproductive parts in the same plant

dioecious

having male and female reproductive parts in separate plants

pollination vectors

wind water and animals

seed dispersal vectors

wind, water, animals, gravity

angiosperm reproduction

uses both pistil and stamen for reproduction

conifer reproduction

uses pollen bearing cones(male) and seed bearing cones(female)

seed dormancy

seeds remain inactive and do not reproduce/germinate

germination

seed absorbs water, swells, breaks seed coat. embryo grows, using stored food for energy

Provenance

geographical location that the seed is from. population adapts to local environment.

genet vs ramet

a genet is a clonal colony(group), while a ramet is a clone(one)

rhizome

underground stem

layering

rooted stem

root collar

where the trunk meets the root system

burl

outgrowth of wood on side of tree. often looks kind of like a tumor.

adventitious

in an unusual anatomical position. roots/buds

methods of vegetation propagation

rooted “cuttings”, grafting, micropropagation

habitat

the physical/biotic enviornment a species is adapted to and survives in

natural range

where the species is found. species is assumed to have evolved there or made its way there without help from humans and other organisms.

naturalized range

an area that a species has established without assistance, outside of its normal range. outside of original natural range

environmental factors that influence habitat

climate, soils, topography, biota

*(CLORPT) not the same but same idea from SOIL205. (Climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time to evolve)

orographic precipitation (process and effect)

when air is forced to rise over the mountain range. this leads to cooling/condensation, which leads to precipitation.

habitat generalist

species that can thrive in a wide range of environments and factors.

habitat specialist

adapted to specific habitats with specific/narrow needs

species variety/subspecies

different species have different characteristic due to evolution and reproduction. some species will have different characteristics based on CLORPT

endemic

native and restricted to a certain place

how is climate different west vs east of the cascades*

Different elevation. The climate west of the cascades is typically wetter and more mild due to the low elevation/sea level. the climate east has more mountains and a wider ranger of topography. There is orgohrgaphic precipitation in the west.

how do mountains affect habitat? (2)*

• create microhabitats(Lower parts of mountain vs upper parts have different climates).

• Water cycle. Can store larger amounts of water at varying temperatures depending on climate. Some areas will be covered in ice/snow, while some will be sunny and woodlands.)

Tundra

• Very cold

• No trees, sedges, forms, low shrubs

• Carix(sedges) and Salix(willows)

Taiga

• Northern Coniferous Forest, Glaciated, numerous lakes and bogs

• Long cold winters mild summers. Dominated by snow.

• Permafrost(gelisol soil)

• low tree biodiversity

• Birch( Betula) and Spruce(Picea)

Temperate Rain ForestMarine West Coast Forests)

• Low seasonal fluctuation for temperature

• High precipitation and long growing seasons

• Huge conifers(dominated)

• rot resistant wood, and epiphytes present

• Spruce(Picea), Douglas Fir(Pseudotsuga)

Northwestern Forested Mountains Zones

• 3 Zones - Alpine, Mountain, Lowland

• Moderated by proximity to Pacific Ocean

Northwestern Forested Mountains - Alpine

similar to tundra, too cold for trees.

• grasses, sedges, and forbs

Northwestern Forested Mountains - Montane

Dense confier forest.

• Fir(Abies), Spruce(Picea), Pine(Pinus)

Cool dry summers, snow winters, short growing.

Northwestern Forested Mountains - Lowland

Drier, warmer climate, vegetation depends on location

Mediterranean California

• Coastal and inlands of California.

• mild, wet winters, dry summers

• Lots of Broadleafs

• Oaks(Quercus) and Manzanita(Arctostaphylos)

Topical Dry Forests

• So-Cal, warmer climates. distinct seasons

• Deciduous trees

• Poplar(Populous) and Willow(Salix)

Temperate Sierras

• Sierra Nevada mountains

• cold winters, warm dry summers

• Lots of conifers

• Pine(Pinus) and Fir(Abies)

Cypress Family

Mostly evergreen trees and shrubs

• Usually scale like and decussate.

• Leaves and twigs shed together

Pine Family

Mostly evergreen trees and shrubs

• NEEDLES

Hard Yellow Pines

2/3 needles per fascicle. fascicle sheath is persistent. cones have thick armed scales

Soft White Pines

5 needles per fascicle, thin unarmed cone scales, gradual early to late wood, deciduous

Pinus(Pine) Characteristics

Acicular needles (2,3,5) Ovate cones with spirally arranged scales

Abies(Fir) Characteristics

blunt, linear needles. round and flat leaf scares. errect, barrel shaped cones.

Pseudotsuga(Doug. Fir) Characteristics

Petiolate, linear needles, raised leaf scares, three point come bracts. sharp and reddish buds. bark looks like bacon

Tsuga(Hemlock) Characteristics

Petiolate, short linear needles. raised leaf scares. small cyclindfral ones with papery scales

Picea(Spruce)

Sharp, acicular needles on wood pegs. cylindrical cones with papery scales

Larix(Larch)

deciduous needles on woody spur shoots. small cylindrical cones

Thuja(Thuja) Characteristics

Scale-like leaves in decussate arrangement, flattened sprays. Small ovoid cones with several pairs.

Chamaecyparis(White Cedar)

scale like leaves, decussate arrangement. flattened sprays. pea sized round cones.

Calocedrus(Incense Cedar)

Elongated and scale like leaves. flattened sprays, ovate cones

Hesperocyparis(Cypress) Characteristics

Round 1/4-1 inch cones with armed pelate scales. scale like leaves in decussate arrangement. sprays do NOT lie flat